Statistics

100問 • 1年前

問題一覧

It is the data itself or some numerical computations derived from a set of data.

Statistics

A branch of science that deals with the development of method for a more effective way of collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing data.

Statistics

Characteristics of statistics

Statistical Method and Statistical Theory

It refers to the procedures and techniques used from the collection of data to the proper presentation and analysis of the results.

Statistical Methods

It refers to the development of formulas used in the computations and the development of scientific procedures that constitute the basis of statistical methods.

Statistical Theory

Two major areas of statistics

Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics/Inductive Statistics

deals with the collection of presentation in various forms, such as data, its tables, graphs and diagrams and finding averages and other measures which would describe the data.

Descriptive Statistics

deals with techniques used for the analysis of data, making estimates and drawing conclusions from limited information obtained through sampling and testing the reliability of the estimates

Inferential Statistics/Inductive Statistics

As a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing.

Data

It is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been "cleaned" and corrected by researchers.

Raw Data

A single item or fact

Datum

Listing the fact in s record or report

Frame

Types of Data

Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data

A descriptive information (it describes something). Data that cannot be expressed in numbers.

Qualitative Data

A numerical information (numbers)

Quantitative Data

Can be Discrete or Continuous

Quantitative Data

Can only take certain values (like whole numbers

Discrete Data

Can take any value (within a range

Continuous Data

Data that is Counted

Discrete Data

Data that is measured

Continuous Data

These are haracteristics or properties measured from objects, person or things.

Variables

Two types of variables

Discrete Variables and Continuous Variables

Usually obtained by counting. There are a finite or countable number of choices available with discrete data. You can't have 2.63 people in the room

Discrete Variables

Usually obtained by measuring.

Continuous Variables

Length, weight, and time are all examples of

Continuous Variables

Methods of collecting Data

Interviews Questionnaires and surveys Observations By utilizing existing Documents and records Focus groups Oral histories

Types of Data Collection

Primary Data Collection and Secondary Data Collection

It is the gathering of raw data collected at the source.

Primary Data Collection

It is a process of collecting the original data collected by a researcher for a specific research purpose.

Primary Data Collection

It could be further analyzed into two segments: qualitative research and quantitative data collection methods.

Primary Data Collection

It is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher.

Qualitative Research Method

Presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce.

Quantitative Method

Qualitative Data Collection Tools

Online Forum In Depth Interview Online Communities Web Survey Chat Groups

Quantitative Data Collection Tools

Face-to-Face Online Mail Phone

Referred to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the original user.

Secondary Data Collection

It is the process of collecting data that is already existing, be it already published books, journals and/or online portals. In terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to collect.

Secondary Data Collection

Here are 7 top data collection methods and tools for Academic, Opinion or Product Research

Interview, Questionnaires, Reporting, Existing Data, Observation, Focus Groups, and Combination Research

A face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose.

Interview

Different types of interview

Structured Interviews, Semi-structured Interviews, and Unstructured Interviews

Simply put, terms of depth, it is a verbally administered questionnaire. In surface level and is usually completed within a short period. For speed and efficiency, it is highly recommendable, but it lacks depth.

Structured Interviews

In this method, there subsist several key questions which cover the scope of the areas to be explored. It allows a little more leeway for the researcher to explore the subject matter.

Semi-structured Interviews

It is an in-depth interview that allows the researcher to collect a wide range of information with a pur purpose. An advantage of this method is the freedom it gives a researcher to combine structure with flexibility even though it is more time-consuming.

Unstructured Interviews

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Interviews?

Audio Recorder, Digital Camera, and Camcorder

Used for recording sound on disc, tape, or can meet the needs of a wide range of provide alternatives to print data collection tools.

Audio Recorder

It can be used for transmitting those images to a monitor screen when the need arises.

Digital Camera

Used for collecting data through interviews. It provides a combination of both an audio recorder and a video camera.

Camcorder

The perfect tool to create your preferred online consent forms without coding experience.

Form Plus Builder

This is the process of collecting data through an instrument consisting of a series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals it is administered to. Designed to collect data from a group.

Questionnaires

A process of data data collection methods, including a questionnaire.

Survey

On a questionnaire, there are three kinds of questions used. They are:

fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Questionnaire?

Formplus Online Questionnaire and Paper Questionnaire

let you create powerful forms to help you collect the information you need. Helps you create the online forms that you like. Form template to get actionable trends and measurable responses.

Formplus online questionnaire

A data collection tool consisting of a series of questions and/or prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Mostly designed for statistical analysis of the responses, they can also be used as a form of data collection.

Paper questionnaire

The process of gathering and submitting data to be further subjected to analysis.

Data reporting

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Reporting?

NGO Reports, News Papers, Website Articles, Hospital Care Records

An in-depth and comprehensive report on the activities carried out by the NGO, covering areas such human rights. The information contained in these reports are research-specific and forms as business and acceptable able academic base towards collecting data. NGOs often focus an on development projects which are organized to promote particular causes.

NCO Reports

Relatively easy to collect and are sometimes the only continuously available source of event data. Even though there is a problem of bias in ___ data, it is still a valid tool in collecting data forbreporting.

Newspapers

Gathering and using data contained in ___ is also another tool for data collection. Collecting data from ___ is a quicker and less expensive data collection Two major disadvantages of using this data reporting method are biases inherent in security/confidentiality concerns.

Website Articles, web articles

Health care involves a diverse set of public and private data collection systems, including health records, and medical records, surveys, administrative enrollment and billing used by various entities, including hospitals, CHCS, physicians, and health plans. The data provided is clear, unbiased and accurate, but must be obtained under the legal means as medical data is strictest regulations.

Hospital Care Records

This is the introduction of new investigative questions in addition to other than the ones originally used when the data was initially gathered. It involves adding measurement to a study or research. An example would be sourcing data from an archive.

Existing Data

What are the Best Data Collection Tools for Existing Data?

Research Journals and Surveys

Unlike newspapers and magazines, ___ are intended for an academic or technical audience, not general readers.

research journals

A scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professors, and other experts.

Journal

Aa data collection tool for gathering information from a sample population, with the intention of generalizing the results to a larger population. Have a variety of purposes and can be carried out in many ways depending on the objectives to be achieved.

Survey

This is a data collection method by which information on a phenomenon is gathered through ___ . The nature of the ___ could be accomplished either as a complete observer, an observer as a participant, a participant as an observer or as a complete participant.

Observation

This method is a key base of formulating a hypothesis.

Observation

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Observation?

Checklists and Direct Observation

State specific criteria, allow users to gather information and make judgments about what they should know in relation to the outcomes. They offer systematic ways of collecting data about specific behaviors, knowledge, and skills.

Checklists

This is an observational study method of collecting evaluative information. The evaluator watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment.

Direct Observation

The opposite of quantitative research which involves numerical based data, this data collection method focuses qualitative research. It falls under the primary category for data more on based on the feelings and opinions of the respondents. This research involves asking open-ended questions to a group of individuals usually ranging from 6-10 people, to provide feedback.

Focus Groups

A data collection method that is tightly facilitated and structured around a set of questions. The purpose of the meeting is to extract from the participants' detailed responses to these questions.

Focus Group

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Focus Groups?

Two-way and Dueling-moderator

One group watches another group answer the questions posed by the moderator. After listening to what the other group has to offer, the group that listens are able to facilitate more discussion and could potentially draw different conclusions.

Two-way

There are two moderators who play the devil's advocate. The main positive of the ___ focus group is to facilitate new ideas by introducing new ways of thinking and varying viewpoints.

Dueling-moderator

This method of data collection encompasses the use of innovative methods to enhance participation to both individuals and groups. Also under the primary category, it is a combination of Interviews and Focus Groups while collecting qualitative data.

Combination Research

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Combination Research?

Online Survey and Dual-moderator

This method involves two or more data collection methods, for instance, interviews as well as questionnaires or a combination of of semi-structured telephone interview and focus groups.

Combination Research

The two tools combined here are online interviews and use of questionnaires. This is a questionnaire that the target audience can complete over the Internet. It is timely, effective and efficient. Especially since the data to be collected is quantitative in nature.

Online Survey

The two tools combined here are focus groups and structured questionnaires. The structured questioners give a direction as to where the research is headed while two moderators take charge of proceedings. Whilst one ensures the focus group session progresses smoothly, the other makes sure that the topics in question are all covered. ___ focus groups typically result in a more productive session and essentially leads to an optimum collection of data.

Dual-moderator

Process of collecting data

Census and sampling/survey sampling/survey

The procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

Census

This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses

Census

It may refer to an entire group of people, objects, events, hospital visits, or measurements.

Population

It can thus be said to be an aggregate observation of subjects grouped together by a common feature.

Population

It aims to count the entire population of a country, and at the location where each person usually lives.

Census

Asks questions of people in homes and group living situations, including how many people live or stay in each home, and the sex, age and race of each person.

Census

It is selecting members from a target population to be in a sample for a sample survey. Usually the survey is some type of questionnaire (i.e. in-person, phone or internet survey).

Survey sampling

It is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement.

Sample

It should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalize the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole.

Sample

Types of Sampling:

Random sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified sampling

It is analogous to putting everyone's name into a hat and drawing out several names. Each element in the population has an equal chance of occurring. While this is the preferred way y of sampling, requires that a complete list of every element in the population be obtained.

Random sampling

It is easier to do than random sampling. In ___ , the list of elements is "counted off. That is, every 4th element is taken. This is similar to lining everyone up and numbering off "1,2,3,4, 1,2,3,4, etc". When done numbering, all people numbered 4 would be used.

Systematic sampling

It is very easy to do, but it's probably the worst technique to use. In ___ , readily available data is used. That is, the first people the surveyor runs into.

Convenience sampling

It is accomplished by dividing the population into groups usually geographically.

Cluster sampling

It also divides the population into groups called strata. However, this time it is by some characteristic, not geographically. For instance, the population might be separated into males and females. A sample is taken from each of these strata using either random, systematic, or convenience sampling

Stratified sampling

The process of assigning a number or a numerical value to a characteristics of the object that is being measured.

Measurement

Properties of numbers:

Identity, Order, and Additivity

It is the property that enables a person to distinguish on number from the other.

Identity

It refers to the way a number arranged in a sequence.

Order

100

It is the property that allows us to add numbers.

Additivity

SW7 - Midterm (Stages and Models of Policy Formulation/Making)

ユーザ名非公開 · 83問 · 1年前

SW7 - Midterm (Stages and Models of Policy Formulation/Making)

SW10 - Midterm

SW10 - Midterm

SW11 - Midterm

SW11 - Midterm

SW 9

SW 9

SW 9 - 2

SW 9 - 2

SW9 Report

SW9 Report

Statistics 2

Statistics 2

SW 11 - 1

SW 11 - 1

SW 11 - 2

SW 11 - 2

SW 10 - Casework 1

SW 10 - Casework 1

SW 10 - Casework 2

SW 10 - Casework 2

SW 7

SW 7

SW 7 - Report

SW 7 - Report

問題一覧

It is the data itself or some numerical computations derived from a set of data.

Statistics

A branch of science that deals with the development of method for a more effective way of collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing data.

Statistics

Characteristics of statistics

Statistical Method and Statistical Theory

It refers to the procedures and techniques used from the collection of data to the proper presentation and analysis of the results.

Statistical Methods

It refers to the development of formulas used in the computations and the development of scientific procedures that constitute the basis of statistical methods.

Statistical Theory

Two major areas of statistics

Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics/Inductive Statistics

deals with the collection of presentation in various forms, such as data, its tables, graphs and diagrams and finding averages and other measures which would describe the data.

Descriptive Statistics

deals with techniques used for the analysis of data, making estimates and drawing conclusions from limited information obtained through sampling and testing the reliability of the estimates

Inferential Statistics/Inductive Statistics

As a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing.

Data

It is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been "cleaned" and corrected by researchers.

Raw Data

A single item or fact

Datum

Listing the fact in s record or report

Frame

Types of Data

Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data

A descriptive information (it describes something). Data that cannot be expressed in numbers.

Qualitative Data

A numerical information (numbers)

Quantitative Data

Can be Discrete or Continuous

Quantitative Data

Can only take certain values (like whole numbers

Discrete Data

Can take any value (within a range

Continuous Data

Data that is Counted

Discrete Data

Data that is measured

Continuous Data

These are haracteristics or properties measured from objects, person or things.

Variables

Two types of variables

Discrete Variables and Continuous Variables

Usually obtained by counting. There are a finite or countable number of choices available with discrete data. You can't have 2.63 people in the room

Discrete Variables

Usually obtained by measuring.

Continuous Variables

Length, weight, and time are all examples of

Continuous Variables

Methods of collecting Data

Interviews Questionnaires and surveys Observations By utilizing existing Documents and records Focus groups Oral histories

Types of Data Collection

Primary Data Collection and Secondary Data Collection

It is the gathering of raw data collected at the source.

Primary Data Collection

It is a process of collecting the original data collected by a researcher for a specific research purpose.

Primary Data Collection

It could be further analyzed into two segments: qualitative research and quantitative data collection methods.

Primary Data Collection

It is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher.

Qualitative Research Method

Presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce.

Quantitative Method

Qualitative Data Collection Tools

Online Forum In Depth Interview Online Communities Web Survey Chat Groups

Quantitative Data Collection Tools

Face-to-Face Online Mail Phone

Referred to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the original user.

Secondary Data Collection

It is the process of collecting data that is already existing, be it already published books, journals and/or online portals. In terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to collect.

Secondary Data Collection

Here are 7 top data collection methods and tools for Academic, Opinion or Product Research

Interview, Questionnaires, Reporting, Existing Data, Observation, Focus Groups, and Combination Research

A face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose.

Interview

Different types of interview

Structured Interviews, Semi-structured Interviews, and Unstructured Interviews

Structured Interviews

In this method, there subsist several key questions which cover the scope of the areas to be explored. It allows a little more leeway for the researcher to explore the subject matter.

Semi-structured Interviews

Unstructured Interviews

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Interviews?

Audio Recorder, Digital Camera, and Camcorder

Used for recording sound on disc, tape, or can meet the needs of a wide range of provide alternatives to print data collection tools.

Audio Recorder

It can be used for transmitting those images to a monitor screen when the need arises.

Digital Camera

Used for collecting data through interviews. It provides a combination of both an audio recorder and a video camera.

Camcorder

The perfect tool to create your preferred online consent forms without coding experience.

Form Plus Builder

Questionnaires

A process of data data collection methods, including a questionnaire.

Survey

On a questionnaire, there are three kinds of questions used. They are:

fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Questionnaire?

Formplus Online Questionnaire and Paper Questionnaire

let you create powerful forms to help you collect the information you need. Helps you create the online forms that you like. Form template to get actionable trends and measurable responses.

Formplus online questionnaire

Paper questionnaire

The process of gathering and submitting data to be further subjected to analysis.

Data reporting

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Reporting?

NGO Reports, News Papers, Website Articles, Hospital Care Records

NCO Reports

Newspapers

Website Articles, web articles

Hospital Care Records

Existing Data

What are the Best Data Collection Tools for Existing Data?

Research Journals and Surveys

Unlike newspapers and magazines, ___ are intended for an academic or technical audience, not general readers.

research journals

A scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professors, and other experts.

Journal

Survey

Observation

This method is a key base of formulating a hypothesis.

Observation

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Observation?

Checklists and Direct Observation

Checklists

This is an observational study method of collecting evaluative information. The evaluator watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment.

Direct Observation

Focus Groups

A data collection method that is tightly facilitated and structured around a set of questions. The purpose of the meeting is to extract from the participants' detailed responses to these questions.

Focus Group

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Focus Groups?

Two-way and Dueling-moderator

Two-way

There are two moderators who play the devil's advocate. The main positive of the ___ focus group is to facilitate new ideas by introducing new ways of thinking and varying viewpoints.

Dueling-moderator

Combination Research

What are the best Data Collection Tools for Combination Research?

Online Survey and Dual-moderator

This method involves two or more data collection methods, for instance, interviews as well as questionnaires or a combination of of semi-structured telephone interview and focus groups.

Combination Research

Online Survey

Dual-moderator

Process of collecting data

Census and sampling/survey sampling/survey

The procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

Census

This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses

Census

It may refer to an entire group of people, objects, events, hospital visits, or measurements.

Population

It can thus be said to be an aggregate observation of subjects grouped together by a common feature.

Population

It aims to count the entire population of a country, and at the location where each person usually lives.

Census

Asks questions of people in homes and group living situations, including how many people live or stay in each home, and the sex, age and race of each person.

Census

It is selecting members from a target population to be in a sample for a sample survey. Usually the survey is some type of questionnaire (i.e. in-person, phone or internet survey).

Survey sampling

It is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement.

Sample

It should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalize the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole.

Sample

Types of Sampling:

Random sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified sampling

Random sampling

Systematic sampling

It is very easy to do, but it's probably the worst technique to use. In ___ , readily available data is used. That is, the first people the surveyor runs into.

Convenience sampling

It is accomplished by dividing the population into groups usually geographically.

Cluster sampling

Stratified sampling

The process of assigning a number or a numerical value to a characteristics of the object that is being measured.

Measurement

Properties of numbers:

Identity, Order, and Additivity

It is the property that enables a person to distinguish on number from the other.

Identity

It refers to the way a number arranged in a sequence.

Order

100

It is the property that allows us to add numbers.

Additivity