Whatever governments choose to do or not to do.

Who said Policy is "whatever governments choose to do or not to do"

Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern.

Who said Policy is "Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern"

It is a formal documented statement of intentions and sets of actions of an organization/authority to either remove certain deficiencies or improve the conditions in any particular area of concern/interest such as housing shortage, food crises, water contamination, growing poverty etc.

It could either be a part of an overall development policy and strategy of the country could be a specific document addressing a particular issue i.e. Food Security Policy, Poverty Reduction Strategy, National Housing Policy, Climate Change Policy and the over over overland terminal in Midsayap

Eight Stages in Policy Formulation

Policies must be soundly based on adequately evaluated facts and experience. Persons affected by policy especially clientele groups should be involved in the process.

A public policy is a deliberate and (usually) careful decision that provides guidance for addressing selected public concerns. Policy development can be seen, then, as a decision making process that helps address identified goals, problems or concerns. At its core, policy development entails the selection of a destination or desired objective.

In ___, governments must ensure that: -information is complete, objective, reliable, relevant and easy to find and understand consultation has clear goals and rules defining the limits of the exercise and government's obligation to account for its use

___ can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Policy adoption can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Governors and mayors can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

___ can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Policy implementation involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

___ involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

First, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

___, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

The second element essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation.

The ___ essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation

The final element needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish. The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the first element must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

The ___ needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish.

The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the ___ must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

Policy evaluation is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions.

___ is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions

When policies fail to have the intended effect, it is usually due to one of two types of failure:

First Stage in Policy Formulation

Second Stage in Policy Formulation

Third Stage in Policy Formulation

Fourth Stage in Policy Formulation

Fifth Stage in Policy Formulation

Sixth Stage in Policy Formulation

Seventh Stage in Policy Formulation

Eight Stage in Policy Formulation

Author of Policy Formulation

Focuses on the traditional organization of government.

Duties and arrangements of bureaus and departments.

Focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc.

Government extends policies universally to cover all people in society.

Monopolizes the power to coerce obedience to policy, or to sanction violators.

Traditional studies using the institutional approach focused on institutional structures, organization, duties and function, without investigating their impact on public policy

The prevailing public policies reflect elite values, which generally preserve the status quo.

A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass.

Society is divided into the powerful few and the powerless many.

___ are drawn disproportionately from the upper strata.

There must be ___ of non-elites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite values, in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution.

All elites agree on basic social system and preservation values, i.e., private property, limited government, and individual liberty.

Elite-mass model - changes in public policy will be ___ rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

Active elites are subject ____ .

Individuals with common interests band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

In Group Model, Individuals with ___ band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

Also called equilibrium theory, as in physics. Influence is determined by numbers, wealth, and organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion.

It is the bridge between the individual and the government.

Model 3. GROUP MODEL The task of the political system is to:

Relies on information theory concepts such as input, output, and feedback.

Sees the policy process as cyclical.

Public policy is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment.

It is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment

The environment surrounds the political system. In this model, "environment" means physical.

In systems model, "environment" means

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that transform inputs into outputs for the whole society.

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that ___ for the whole society.

SYSTEMS MODEL It asks questions such as:

This model posits three streams (problem stream, political stream, & policy stream) which are always simultaneously ongoing.

Streams and Windows Model posits three streams:

When ___ , a policy window opens, and a new policy may emerge.

Focuses the public's and policy-makers' attention on a particular problem, defines the problem, and calls for a new policy approach.

Monitoring data, the occurrence of focusing events, and feedback on existing polices, though oversight studies of program evaluation.

It is where the government agenda is formed: the list of issues or problems to be resolved by government.

Result of the interaction of major forces such as the national mood, organized interests, and dynamics of public administration.

A list of alternatives is generated from which policy makers can select one.

Policy entrepreneurs and other play a role, such as academics, researchers, consultants, career public administrators, Congressional staffers, OMB staff, and interest groups

When these three streams converge, a policy window may open, because of a shift in public opinion, a change in administration, or when a pressing problem emerges.

WHAT TYPES OF POLICIES MAY EMERGE?

New policies are only slightly different from old policies.

Policymakers are too short on time, resources and brains to make totally new policies.

Anti-intellectual approach to problems; no imagination.

This model tries to understand all the alternatives, take into account all their consequences, and select the best.

Models must be multidimensional and complex. The costs of rational comprehensive planning may outweigh the cost savings of the policy

An attempt to combine the incremental and rational approaches to public policy-making.

It is an attempt to reconcile the day-to-day demands with long range strategies for the future.

It concentrates on making decisions (incremental model) but blends rational analysis with economic and political analyses (rational model).