___, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

In systems model, "environment" means

Focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc.

Streams and Windows Model posits three streams:

Policy implementation involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

The final element needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish. The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the first element must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

This model posits three streams (problem stream, political stream, & policy stream) which are always simultaneously ongoing.

Whatever governments choose to do or not to do.

In ___, governments must ensure that: -information is complete, objective, reliable, relevant and easy to find and understand consultation has clear goals and rules defining the limits of the exercise and government's obligation to account for its use

SYSTEMS MODEL It asks questions such as:

Third Stage in Policy Formulation

A public policy is a deliberate and (usually) careful decision that provides guidance for addressing selected public concerns. Policy development can be seen, then, as a decision making process that helps address identified goals, problems or concerns. At its core, policy development entails the selection of a destination or desired objective.

Active elites are subject ____ .

First Stage in Policy Formulation

___ is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions

Who said Policy is "Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern"

An attempt to combine the incremental and rational approaches to public policy-making.

Duties and arrangements of bureaus and departments.

Anti-intellectual approach to problems; no imagination.

New policies are only slightly different from old policies.

Eight Stage in Policy Formulation

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that ___ for the whole society.

Policy evaluation is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions.

It is a formal documented statement of intentions and sets of actions of an organization/authority to either remove certain deficiencies or improve the conditions in any particular area of concern/interest such as housing shortage, food crises, water contamination, growing poverty etc.

Individuals with common interests band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

___ are drawn disproportionately from the upper strata.

Second Stage in Policy Formulation

The environment surrounds the political system. In this model, "environment" means physical.

When policies fail to have the intended effect, it is usually due to one of two types of failure:

Seventh Stage in Policy Formulation

It concentrates on making decisions (incremental model) but blends rational analysis with economic and political analyses (rational model).

Policies must be soundly based on adequately evaluated facts and experience. Persons affected by policy especially clientele groups should be involved in the process.

The ___ needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish.

The second element essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation.

Focuses on the traditional organization of government.

___ can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Public policy is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment.

First, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

Fifth Stage in Policy Formulation

Relies on information theory concepts such as input, output, and feedback.

Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

There must be ___ of non-elites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite values, in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution.

It is the bridge between the individual and the government.

A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass.

It is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment

All elites agree on basic social system and preservation values, i.e., private property, limited government, and individual liberty.

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that transform inputs into outputs for the whole society.

WHAT TYPES OF POLICIES MAY EMERGE?

Policy adoption can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

The prevailing public policies reflect elite values, which generally preserve the status quo.

It could either be a part of an overall development policy and strategy of the country could be a specific document addressing a particular issue i.e. Food Security Policy, Poverty Reduction Strategy, National Housing Policy, Climate Change Policy and the over over overland terminal in Midsayap

Focuses the public's and policy-makers' attention on a particular problem, defines the problem, and calls for a new policy approach.

Traditional studies using the institutional approach focused on institutional structures, organization, duties and function, without investigating their impact on public policy

Sees the policy process as cyclical.

Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern.

Author of Policy Formulation

It is an attempt to reconcile the day-to-day demands with long range strategies for the future.

Policy entrepreneurs and other play a role, such as academics, researchers, consultants, career public administrators, Congressional staffers, OMB staff, and interest groups

It is where the government agenda is formed: the list of issues or problems to be resolved by government.

A list of alternatives is generated from which policy makers can select one.

Model 3. GROUP MODEL The task of the political system is to:

Also called equilibrium theory, as in physics. Influence is determined by numbers, wealth, and organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion.

Sixth Stage in Policy Formulation

The ___ essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation

Elite-mass model - changes in public policy will be ___ rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

When these three streams converge, a policy window may open, because of a shift in public opinion, a change in administration, or when a pressing problem emerges.

Governors and mayors can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Monopolizes the power to coerce obedience to policy, or to sanction violators.

Result of the interaction of major forces such as the national mood, organized interests, and dynamics of public administration.

In Group Model, Individuals with ___ band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the ___ must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

When ___ , a policy window opens, and a new policy may emerge.

Society is divided into the powerful few and the powerless many.

___ can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Fourth Stage in Policy Formulation

Eight Stages in Policy Formulation

Government extends policies universally to cover all people in society.

Policymakers are too short on time, resources and brains to make totally new policies.

Monitoring data, the occurrence of focusing events, and feedback on existing polices, though oversight studies of program evaluation.

___ involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

Models must be multidimensional and complex. The costs of rational comprehensive planning may outweigh the cost savings of the policy

This model tries to understand all the alternatives, take into account all their consequences, and select the best.

Who said Policy is "whatever governments choose to do or not to do"