SW7 - Midterm (Stages and Models of Policy Formulation/Making)

83問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Whatever governments choose to do or not to do.

Policy

Who said Policy is "whatever governments choose to do or not to do"

Thomas Dye (1987)

Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern.

Policy

Who said Policy is "Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern"

Anderson (1994)

It is a formal documented statement of intentions and sets of actions of an organization/authority to either remove certain deficiencies or improve the conditions in any particular area of concern/interest such as housing shortage, food crises, water contamination, growing poverty etc.

Policy

It could either be a part of an overall development policy and strategy of the country could be a specific document addressing a particular issue i.e. Food Security Policy, Poverty Reduction Strategy, National Housing Policy, Climate Change Policy and the over over overland terminal in Midsayap

Policy

Eight Stages in Policy Formulation

Identification of the problem or issue, Analysis of the Problem, Informing the Public about the problem, Development of Policy goals, Building of public support, Legislation or enunciation of policy, Implementation, and Evaluation

Policies must be soundly based on adequately evaluated facts and experience. Persons affected by policy especially clientele groups should be involved in the process.

Informing the Public about the problem

A public policy is a deliberate and (usually) careful decision that provides guidance for addressing selected public concerns. Policy development can be seen, then, as a decision making process that helps address identified goals, problems or concerns. At its core, policy development entails the selection of a destination or desired objective.

Development of Policy goals

In ___, governments must ensure that: -information is complete, objective, reliable, relevant and easy to find and understand consultation has clear goals and rules defining the limits of the exercise and government's obligation to account for its use

Building of public support

___ can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Policy adoption

Policy adoption can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Legislation or enunciation of policy

Governors and mayors can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Legislation or enunciation of policy

___ can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Governors and mayors

Policy implementation involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

Implementation

___ involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

Policy implementation

First, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

Implementation

___, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

First

The second element essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation.

Implementation

The ___ essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation

second element

The final element needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish. The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the first element must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

Implementation

The ___ needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish.

final element

The dedication of resources to implement the policy under the ___ must be joined with coordination of the policy with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or agency must not cause excessive competition or disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.

first element

Policy evaluation is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions.

Evaluation

___ is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions

Policy evaluation

When policies fail to have the intended effect, it is usually due to one of two types of failure:

theory failure or program failure

First Stage in Policy Formulation

Identification of the problem or issue

Second Stage in Policy Formulation

Analysis of the Problem

Third Stage in Policy Formulation

Informing the Public about the problem

Fourth Stage in Policy Formulation

Development of Policy goals

Fifth Stage in Policy Formulation

Building of public support

Sixth Stage in Policy Formulation

Legislation or enunciation of policy

Seventh Stage in Policy Formulation

Implementation

Eight Stage in Policy Formulation

Evaluation

Author of Policy Formulation

Harry Specht

Focuses on the traditional organization of government.

Institutional Model

Duties and arrangements of bureaus and departments.

Institutional Model

Focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc.

Institutional Model

Government extends policies universally to cover all people in society.

Institutional Model

Monopolizes the power to coerce obedience to policy, or to sanction violators.

Institutional Model

Traditional studies using the institutional approach focused on institutional structures, organization, duties and function, without investigating their impact on public policy

Institutional Model

The prevailing public policies reflect elite values, which generally preserve the status quo.

Elite-Mass Model

A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass.

Elite-Mass Model

Society is divided into the powerful few and the powerless many.

Elite-Mass Model

___ are drawn disproportionately from the upper strata.

Elites

There must be ___ of non-elites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite values, in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution.

slow and continuous movement

All elites agree on basic social system and preservation values, i.e., private property, limited government, and individual liberty.

Elite-Mass Model

Elite-mass model - changes in public policy will be ___ rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

incremental

Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

Elite-Mass Model

Active elites are subject ____ .

to little influence from apathetic masses

Individuals with common interests band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

Group Model

In Group Model, Individuals with ___ band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

common interests

Also called equilibrium theory, as in physics. Influence is determined by numbers, wealth, and organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion.

Group Model

It is the bridge between the individual and the government.

Group

Model 3. GROUP MODEL The task of the political system is to:

1) establish the rules of the game 2) arrange compromises and balance interests 3) enact compromises in public policy 4) enforce these compromises

Relies on information theory concepts such as input, output, and feedback.

Systems Model

Sees the policy process as cyclical.

Systems Model

Public policy is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment.

Systems Model

It is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment

Public policy

The environment surrounds the political system. In this model, "environment" means physical.

Systems Model

In systems model, "environment" means

physical

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that transform inputs into outputs for the whole society.

Systems Model

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that ___ for the whole society.

transform inputs into outputs

SYSTEMS MODEL It asks questions such as:

1) What are the significant characteristics of the environment that generate demands? 2) What are the significant characteristics of the political system that enable it to endure over time and turn demands into output? 3) How do environmental inputs affect the political system? 4) How do characteristics of the political system affect public policy? 5) How do environmental characteristics affect public policy? 6) How does public policy through feedback, affect the environment and the political system itself?

This model posits three streams (problem stream, political stream, & policy stream) which are always simultaneously ongoing.

Streams and Windows Model

Streams and Windows Model posits three streams:

problem stream, political stream, and policy stream

When ___ , a policy window opens, and a new policy may emerge.

the three streams converge

Focuses the public's and policy-makers' attention on a particular problem, defines the problem, and calls for a new policy approach.

The problem stream

Monitoring data, the occurrence of focusing events, and feedback on existing polices, though oversight studies of program evaluation.

The problem stream

It is where the government agenda is formed: the list of issues or problems to be resolved by government.

The political stream

Result of the interaction of major forces such as the national mood, organized interests, and dynamics of public administration.

The political stream

A list of alternatives is generated from which policy makers can select one.

The policy stream

Policy entrepreneurs and other play a role, such as academics, researchers, consultants, career public administrators, Congressional staffers, OMB staff, and interest groups

The policy stream

When these three streams converge, a policy window may open, because of a shift in public opinion, a change in administration, or when a pressing problem emerges.

Streams and Windows Model

WHAT TYPES OF POLICIES MAY EMERGE?

Incremental Policy Output, Rational Model, and Public Sector Strategic Planning

New policies are only slightly different from old policies.

Incremental Policy Output

Policymakers are too short on time, resources and brains to make totally new policies.

Incremental Policy Output

Anti-intellectual approach to problems; no imagination.

Deficiencies of Incrementalism

This model tries to understand all the alternatives, take into account all their consequences, and select the best.

Rational Model

Models must be multidimensional and complex. The costs of rational comprehensive planning may outweigh the cost savings of the policy

Deficiencies of Rationalism

An attempt to combine the incremental and rational approaches to public policy-making.

Public Sector Strategic Planning

It is an attempt to reconcile the day-to-day demands with long range strategies for the future.

Public Sector Strategic Planning

It concentrates on making decisions (incremental model) but blends rational analysis with economic and political analyses (rational model).

Public Sector Strategic Planning

SW10 - Midterm

SW10 - Midterm

SW11 - Midterm

SW11 - Midterm

SW 9

SW 9

SW 9 - 2

SW 9 - 2

SW9 Report

SW9 Report

Statistics

Statistics

Statistics 2

Statistics 2

SW 11 - 1

SW 11 - 1

SW 11 - 2

SW 11 - 2

SW 10 - Casework 1

SW 10 - Casework 1

SW 10 - Casework 2

SW 10 - Casework 2

SW 7

SW 7

SW 7 - Report

SW 7 - Report

問題一覧

Whatever governments choose to do or not to do.

Policy

Who said Policy is "whatever governments choose to do or not to do"

Thomas Dye (1987)

Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern.

Policy

Who said Policy is "Purposive course of action or inaction undertaken by an actor or a set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern"

Anderson (1994)

Policy

Eight Stages in Policy Formulation

Policies must be soundly based on adequately evaluated facts and experience. Persons affected by policy especially clientele groups should be involved in the process.

Informing the Public about the problem

Development of Policy goals

Building of public support

___ can be influenced the same factors that affect the composition of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts of significant interest groups, crises, and public attention brought by the media.

Policy adoption

Legislation or enunciation of policy

Governors and mayors can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Legislation or enunciation of policy

___ can adopt policies to bring about change on the state or local level.

Governors and mayors

Policy implementation involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

Implementation

___ involves putting adopted policies into effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three elements.

Policy implementation

First, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

Implementation

___, policies must be passed down from the president or state and local government officials to the appropriate agency within the government bureaucracy.)

First

The second element essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation.

Implementation

The ___ essential to effective policy implementation is clear interpretation

second element

Implementation

The ___ needed in effective policy implementation is also difficult to accomplish.

final element

first element

Policy evaluation is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions.

Evaluation

___ is the last step in the policy process. It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions

Policy evaluation

When policies fail to have the intended effect, it is usually due to one of two types of failure:

theory failure or program failure

First Stage in Policy Formulation

Identification of the problem or issue

Second Stage in Policy Formulation

Analysis of the Problem

Third Stage in Policy Formulation

Informing the Public about the problem

Fourth Stage in Policy Formulation

Development of Policy goals

Fifth Stage in Policy Formulation

Building of public support

Sixth Stage in Policy Formulation

Legislation or enunciation of policy

Seventh Stage in Policy Formulation

Implementation

Eight Stage in Policy Formulation

Evaluation

Author of Policy Formulation

Harry Specht

Focuses on the traditional organization of government.

Institutional Model

Duties and arrangements of bureaus and departments.

Institutional Model

Focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc.

Institutional Model

Government extends policies universally to cover all people in society.

Institutional Model

Monopolizes the power to coerce obedience to policy, or to sanction violators.

Institutional Model

Traditional studies using the institutional approach focused on institutional structures, organization, duties and function, without investigating their impact on public policy

Institutional Model

The prevailing public policies reflect elite values, which generally preserve the status quo.

Elite-Mass Model

A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass.

Elite-Mass Model

Society is divided into the powerful few and the powerless many.

Elite-Mass Model

___ are drawn disproportionately from the upper strata.

Elites

There must be ___ of non-elites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite values, in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution.

slow and continuous movement

All elites agree on basic social system and preservation values, i.e., private property, limited government, and individual liberty.

Elite-Mass Model

Elite-mass model - changes in public policy will be ___ rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

incremental

Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values.

Elite-Mass Model

Active elites are subject ____ .

to little influence from apathetic masses

Individuals with common interests band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

Group Model

In Group Model, Individuals with ___ band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government.

common interests

Also called equilibrium theory, as in physics. Influence is determined by numbers, wealth, and organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion.

Group Model

It is the bridge between the individual and the government.

Group

Model 3. GROUP MODEL The task of the political system is to:

1) establish the rules of the game 2) arrange compromises and balance interests 3) enact compromises in public policy 4) enforce these compromises

Relies on information theory concepts such as input, output, and feedback.

Systems Model

Sees the policy process as cyclical.

Systems Model

Public policy is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment.

Systems Model

It is viewed as the response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the outside environment

Public policy

The environment surrounds the political system. In this model, "environment" means physical.

Systems Model

In systems model, "environment" means

physical

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that transform inputs into outputs for the whole society.

Systems Model

The political system is an identifiable system of institutions and processes that ___ for the whole society.

transform inputs into outputs

SYSTEMS MODEL It asks questions such as:

This model posits three streams (problem stream, political stream, & policy stream) which are always simultaneously ongoing.

Streams and Windows Model

Streams and Windows Model posits three streams:

problem stream, political stream, and policy stream

When ___ , a policy window opens, and a new policy may emerge.

the three streams converge

Focuses the public's and policy-makers' attention on a particular problem, defines the problem, and calls for a new policy approach.

The problem stream

Monitoring data, the occurrence of focusing events, and feedback on existing polices, though oversight studies of program evaluation.

The problem stream

It is where the government agenda is formed: the list of issues or problems to be resolved by government.

The political stream

Result of the interaction of major forces such as the national mood, organized interests, and dynamics of public administration.

The political stream

A list of alternatives is generated from which policy makers can select one.

The policy stream

Policy entrepreneurs and other play a role, such as academics, researchers, consultants, career public administrators, Congressional staffers, OMB staff, and interest groups

The policy stream

When these three streams converge, a policy window may open, because of a shift in public opinion, a change in administration, or when a pressing problem emerges.

Streams and Windows Model

WHAT TYPES OF POLICIES MAY EMERGE?

Incremental Policy Output, Rational Model, and Public Sector Strategic Planning

New policies are only slightly different from old policies.

Incremental Policy Output

Policymakers are too short on time, resources and brains to make totally new policies.

Incremental Policy Output

Anti-intellectual approach to problems; no imagination.

Deficiencies of Incrementalism

This model tries to understand all the alternatives, take into account all their consequences, and select the best.

Rational Model

Models must be multidimensional and complex. The costs of rational comprehensive planning may outweigh the cost savings of the policy

Deficiencies of Rationalism

An attempt to combine the incremental and rational approaches to public policy-making.

Public Sector Strategic Planning

It is an attempt to reconcile the day-to-day demands with long range strategies for the future.

Public Sector Strategic Planning

It concentrates on making decisions (incremental model) but blends rational analysis with economic and political analyses (rational model).

Public Sector Strategic Planning