Module #3 Laboratory Safety and Infection

60問 • 1年前

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An infection acquired by a patient during a hospital stay

Nosocomial infection

An infection acquired by a patient as the result of a health-care procedure that may or may not require a hospital stay.

Healthcare-acquired infection

Chain of Infection in order

Infection Agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

Chain of Infection * Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, parasite

Infection agent

Chain of Infection * People, equipment, water

Reservoir

Chain of infection * Excretions, secretions, droplets

Portal of exit

Chain of infection * Contact, droplets, airborne, vectorborne

Mode of transmission

Chain of infection * Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, mucus membrane, skin

Portal of entry

Chain of infection * Cancer patients, elderly patients, surgical patients, burns, diabetes mellitus

Susceptible host

Chain of infection (1) * Break the link

Prompt treatment, decontamination, rapid identification of organism

Chain of Infection (2) * Break the link

Good health and hygiene, environmental sanitation, disinfection/sanitization

Chain of infection (3) * Break the link

Proper attire, hand hygiene, trash and waste disposal, control of secretions and excretions

Chain of infection (4) * Break the link

Hand hygiene, airflow control, disinfection/sterilization, proper food handling, isolation precautions

Chain of Infection (5) * Break the link

Aseptic technique, wound care, hand hygiene, catheter care

Chain of infection (6) * Break the link

Treatment of primary disease, recognize high risk patients

This includes both handwashing and the use of alcohol-based antiseptic cleansers

Hand hygiene

It can be used when hands are not visibily contaminated.

Alcohol-based cleansers

Hands should always be washed * ——— patient contact * When gloves are ——— * ——— leaving the work area * At any time when they have been knowingly ——— * ——— going to designated break areas * ——— and ——— using bathroom facilities

Before, removed, before, contaminated, before, before, after

PPE Equipments — G-L-M-G-F-R

Gloves, laboratory gowns, masks, goggles, face shields, respirators

Taking off PPE

Doffing

Doffing procedure

Gloves, goggles, gown, mask

Putting in PPE

Donning

Donning procedure

Gown, mask, goggles, gloves

Standard precautions

It assumes that every person in the health-care setting is potentially infected or colonized by an organism that could be transmitted.

Standard precautions

These should be removed after use, before touching non-contaminated items and surfaces, and befote going to another patient.

Gloves

Wear a surgical/procedure mask and eye protection to protect mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Facial protection

Wear to protect soin and prevent soiling of clothing.

Gown

Persons with respiratory synptoms should apply source control measures by covering their nose and mouth when coughing/sneezing with tissue or mask.

Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette

Health care facilities should: Place ——— ——— ——— patients at least - meter (- feet) away from others in common waiting areas.

Acute febrile respiratory, 1, 3

Health care facilities should: Post ——— ——— at the entrance to health-care facilities instructing persons with respiratory symptoms to practice respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.

Visual alerts

Use adequate procedures for the routine cleaning and disinfection of environemntal and other frequently touched surfaces.

Environmental cleaning

Prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures and contamination of clothing.

Linens

Treat waste contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions as ——— ———, in accordance with local regulations.

Clinical waste

The three transmission-based precaution classifications (A-D-C)

Airborne, droplets, contact

——— should be folded open to allow tubes to be added without touching uts outside with contaminated gloves or tubes.

Bags

This maybe required for severely burned patients, patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ and bone marrow transplant patients in the nursery.

Protective isolation

——— can be poured out in the laboratory sink. (Under proper disposal)

Urine

Contaminated non-disposable equipment, blood spills, and blood and body fluid processing areas must be disinfected using ——— dilution of ——— ———.

1:10, sodium hypochlorite

——— should be disposed in the sharps container to prevent exposure to blood and sharp objects such as needles.

Sharps

General rules of safe handling of chemicals include: 1. Taking ——— to avoid getting chemicals on the body, clothes, and work area. 2. Wearing ———, such as safety goggles when pouring chemicals. 3. Observing strict labeling practices. 4. Carefully following instructions.

Precautions, PPE

MSDS

Material safety data sheet

All chemicals and reagents containing hazardous ingredients in a concentration greater than —— are required to have a ——— (MSDS) on file in the work area.

1%, material safety data sheet

Persons working in a ——— environment are required to wear measuring devices to determine the amount of radiation they are accumulating.

Radioactive

When a situation involving electrical shock occurs, it is important to remove the ——— ——— immediately.

Electrical source

CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

RACE

Rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish/evacuate

PASS ——— pin ——— at the base of fire ——— handles ——— nozzle, side to side eye

Pull, aim, squeeze, sweep

Identify the fire type. Composition of fire: Wood, paper, or clothing

Class A

Identify the fire type. Extinguishing material: Dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, or Halon

Class C

Identify the fire type Composition of fire: Flammable organic materials

Class B

Identify the fire type Type of Fire Extinguisher: Class A, B, C

Class D

NFPA

National fire protection association

NFPA Reactivity Color

Yellow

NFPA Fire Hazard Color

Red

NFPA Health Hazard Color

Blue

NFPA Specific Hazard Color

White

NFPA Reactivity in order 0 —— 1 —— if heated 2 —— chemical change 3 —— and heat may deteriorate 4 —— deteriorate

Stable, unstable, violent, shock, may

NFPA Fire Hazard Flash Point from 0 to 4 (Format: below/above # F)

Will not burn, above 200 F, below 200 F, below 100 F, below 73 F

NFPA Health Hazard 4 ——— 3 Extreme ——— 2 ——— 1 Slightly ——— 0 ——— material

Deadly, danger, hazardous, hazardous, normal

Medical Terminology (Abbreviations)

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Medical Terminology (Abbreviations)