Module 3

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通報

問題一覧

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Carbon Skeleton

Functional Group?

Hydroxyl

Functional group?

Ester

Functional Group?

Sulfhydryl

Functional group?

Phosphate

Functional Group?

Ketone Carbonyl

Functional group?

Aldehyde Carbonyl

Functional Group?

Basic Amino

Functional Group?

Ionized Amino

Functional Group?

Carboxyl

Functional Group?

Ionized Carboxyl

Alcohols contain an (1) group, which is polar and (2) due to its electronegative (3) atom.

-OH, Hydrophilic, O

They predominate in dietary fats and oils and also occur in our body triglycerides.

Ester

What is the organic compound containing an -SH group?

Thiols

What atom is electronegative in sulfhydryl that makes it hydrophilic?

They are very hydrophilic due to the dual negative charges.

Phosphate group

They contain a carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

Ketones

They contain a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton

Aldehydes

What organic compound have an -NH₂ group?

Amines

All amino acids have these at the end

Amino group, Carboxyl group

Small molecules combine into a very large molecules termed as?

Macromolecules

Large molecules formed by covalent bonds

Polymers

Polymers small-building block molecules are termed as?

Monomers

Macromolecules includes

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Examples of Carbohydrates

Starches, Sugars, Cellulose, Glycogen

Carbohydrates represent only (?) of your total body mass.

2-3%

It function mainly as a source of chemical energy generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions.

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides

The man blood sugar

Glucose

Monosaccharide found in fruits

Fructose

Monosaccharide found in milk sugar

Galactose

Monosaccharide found in DNA

Deoxyribose

Monosaccharide found in RNA

Ribose

Three major carbohydrate groups

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

5 Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose

Glucose + Galactose

Lactose

Glucose + Glucose

Maltose

Disaccharide found in table sugar

Sucrose

Disaccharide found in milk sugar

Lactose

Theee disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Three Polysaccharides

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

Elements found in Carbohydrate

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (H:O) in carbohydrates

2:1

What process was used to combine two monosaccharides to form disaccharide?

Dehydration synthesis

Suffix used in monosaccharides

-ose

Unlike simple sugars, they are usually insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.

Polysaccharides

Lipids make up (?) of body mass.

18-25%

Lipids contain what elements?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Most lipids are insoluble in polar solvents, they are (?)

Hydrophobic

The term used when lipid molecules are bound to hydrophilic protein molecules.

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are soluble because the (1) are on the outside and the (2) are on the inside

Proteins, Lipids

What type of lipids are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids?

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids can also be used to catabolize to generate (?)

Adenosine Triphosphate

A fatty acid consists of?

Carboxyl group, Hydrocarbon chain

This type of fatty acid contain only single covalent bonds

Saturated

This fatty acid contains one or more double covalent bonds.

Unsaturated

They are the most plentiful lipids in the body and in diet

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are also known as?

Triacylglycerol

The two types of building blocks in triglycerides

Single glycerol molecule, Three fatty acid molecules

Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be?

Amphipathic

Under phospholipids, the “head” portion of the molecule is (polar/nonpolar)?

Polar

Under phospholipids, the “tails” portion is considered to be (polar/nonpolar)

Nonpolar

Like triglycerides, phospholipids have a (1) and (2) attached to the first two carbons. In the third position, however, a (3) links a small charged group that usually contains (4) to the backbone.

Glycerol backbone, Two fatty acid chains, Phosphate group (PO₄³⁻), Nitrogen (N)

Proteins are large molecules that contain what element?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Besides CHON, some proteins also contain this element

Sulfur

A normal, lean adult body is (?) protein.

12-18%

This macromolecule is largely responsible for the structure of body tissues.

Proteins

These are proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions.

Enzymes

Other proteins work as “(?)” to drive muscle contraction.

Motors

These are proteins that defend against invading microbes.

Antibodies

The monomers of proteins

Amino acids

The three important functional group attached to a central carbon atom under protein

Amino Group, Acidic Carboxyl Group, R Group

It is symthesized in joining one or more amino acids.

Protein

The covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids is a (?)

Peptide bond

The reaction of forming the peptide bond in an acidic carboxyl group

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Breaking a peptide bond is a (?)

Hydrolysis reaction

They are named because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells.

Nucleic Acids

They arehuge organic molecules that contain CHON + P

Nucleic Acids

The two varieties under nucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Under nucleic acid, thi forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell.

DNA

Under nucleic acid, this relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

The chain of repeating monomers in a nucleic acid is called (?)

Nucleotides

Three parts of nucleotide

Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar, Phosphate group

What are the four nitrogenous base under DNA

Adenine (A), Tyrosine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Under nucleic acids, this part is when a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to each base in DNA

Pentose sugar

This alternate with pentose sugars to form the backbone of a DNA strand

Phosphate group

It is the bases project inward from the backbone chain

Phosphate group

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問題一覧

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Carbon Skeleton

Functional Group?

Hydroxyl

Functional group?

Ester

Functional Group?

Sulfhydryl

Functional group?

Phosphate

Functional Group?

Ketone Carbonyl

Functional group?

Aldehyde Carbonyl

Functional Group?

Basic Amino

Functional Group?

Ionized Amino

Functional Group?

Carboxyl

Functional Group?

Ionized Carboxyl

Alcohols contain an (1) group, which is polar and (2) due to its electronegative (3) atom.

-OH, Hydrophilic, O

They predominate in dietary fats and oils and also occur in our body triglycerides.

Ester

What is the organic compound containing an -SH group?

Thiols

What atom is electronegative in sulfhydryl that makes it hydrophilic?

They are very hydrophilic due to the dual negative charges.

Phosphate group

They contain a carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

Ketones

They contain a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton

Aldehydes

What organic compound have an -NH₂ group?

Amines

All amino acids have these at the end

Amino group, Carboxyl group

Small molecules combine into a very large molecules termed as?

Macromolecules

Large molecules formed by covalent bonds

Polymers

Polymers small-building block molecules are termed as?

Monomers

Macromolecules includes

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Examples of Carbohydrates

Starches, Sugars, Cellulose, Glycogen

Carbohydrates represent only (?) of your total body mass.

2-3%

It function mainly as a source of chemical energy generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions.

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides

The man blood sugar

Glucose

Monosaccharide found in fruits

Fructose

Monosaccharide found in milk sugar

Galactose

Monosaccharide found in DNA

Deoxyribose

Monosaccharide found in RNA

Ribose

Three major carbohydrate groups

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

5 Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose

Glucose + Galactose

Lactose

Glucose + Glucose

Maltose

Disaccharide found in table sugar

Sucrose

Disaccharide found in milk sugar

Lactose

Theee disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Three Polysaccharides

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

Elements found in Carbohydrate

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (H:O) in carbohydrates

2:1

What process was used to combine two monosaccharides to form disaccharide?

Dehydration synthesis

Suffix used in monosaccharides

-ose

Unlike simple sugars, they are usually insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.

Polysaccharides

Lipids make up (?) of body mass.

18-25%

Lipids contain what elements?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Most lipids are insoluble in polar solvents, they are (?)

Hydrophobic

The term used when lipid molecules are bound to hydrophilic protein molecules.

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are soluble because the (1) are on the outside and the (2) are on the inside

Proteins, Lipids

What type of lipids are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids?

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids can also be used to catabolize to generate (?)

Adenosine Triphosphate

A fatty acid consists of?

Carboxyl group, Hydrocarbon chain

This type of fatty acid contain only single covalent bonds

Saturated

This fatty acid contains one or more double covalent bonds.

Unsaturated

They are the most plentiful lipids in the body and in diet

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are also known as?

Triacylglycerol

The two types of building blocks in triglycerides

Single glycerol molecule, Three fatty acid molecules

Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be?

Amphipathic

Under phospholipids, the “head” portion of the molecule is (polar/nonpolar)?

Polar

Under phospholipids, the “tails” portion is considered to be (polar/nonpolar)

Nonpolar

Like triglycerides, phospholipids have a (1) and (2) attached to the first two carbons. In the third position, however, a (3) links a small charged group that usually contains (4) to the backbone.

Glycerol backbone, Two fatty acid chains, Phosphate group (PO₄³⁻), Nitrogen (N)

Proteins are large molecules that contain what element?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Besides CHON, some proteins also contain this element

Sulfur

A normal, lean adult body is (?) protein.

12-18%

This macromolecule is largely responsible for the structure of body tissues.

Proteins

These are proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions.

Enzymes

Other proteins work as “(?)” to drive muscle contraction.

Motors

These are proteins that defend against invading microbes.

Antibodies

The monomers of proteins

Amino acids

The three important functional group attached to a central carbon atom under protein

Amino Group, Acidic Carboxyl Group, R Group

It is symthesized in joining one or more amino acids.

Protein

The covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids is a (?)

Peptide bond

The reaction of forming the peptide bond in an acidic carboxyl group

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Breaking a peptide bond is a (?)

Hydrolysis reaction

They are named because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells.

Nucleic Acids

They arehuge organic molecules that contain CHON + P

Nucleic Acids

The two varieties under nucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Under nucleic acid, thi forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell.

DNA

Under nucleic acid, this relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

The chain of repeating monomers in a nucleic acid is called (?)

Nucleotides

Three parts of nucleotide

Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar, Phosphate group

What are the four nitrogenous base under DNA

Adenine (A), Tyrosine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Under nucleic acids, this part is when a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to each base in DNA

Pentose sugar

This alternate with pentose sugars to form the backbone of a DNA strand

Phosphate group

It is the bases project inward from the backbone chain

Phosphate group