Consists of the skin and its accessory structures; one of the more familiar systems of the body because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed.

This means covering

Examples of accessory structures in Integumentary System

A type of major function of the Integumentary system that plays a protective function.

The intact skin plays an important role in reducing ______ and acts as a _____ from the microorganisms and foreign substances entering the body.

The ______ ______ epithelium of the skin protects underlying structures against abrasion.

_______ absorbs UV light and protects underlying structures from its damaging effects.

The ____ protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense.

A major function of the integumentary system that contains the sensory receptors for pain, heat, cold and pressure.

______ ______ around the hair follicle can detect the movement of a hair.

The first process of Vitamin D Production: UV light causes skin to produce a precursor molecule of vitamin D, which is also known as the _____.

The second process of Vitamin D Production: Precursor is carried by the blood to be modified in the _____. (Vitamin D₃)

The third process of Vitamin D Production: Carried by the blood to the _____ for further modification.

The fourth and last process of Vitamin D Production: The formation of _____ ______ _.

Exposure to enough __ _____ can produce all the vitamin D needed by humans.

Adequate levels of vitamin D are necessary because active vitamin D stimulates the small intestines to absorb _____ and ______. (essentials for bone growth and muscle function)

_____ ____ (and fish oils) and _____ _________ ____ are the best sources of vitamin D.

A major function of the integumentary system, ______ _______ responsible for maintaining the temperature at about __C (___F)

The rate of chemical reactions (______) is altered by the changes of temperature.

Too heat body: Blood vessels constrict to reduce ____ ____ to skin and the heat is retained.

To cool the body: Blood vessels in dermis _____ and heat is transferred from deep in tissues to skin and sweat is produced.

It is a type of heat loss where the heat is lost through infared energy

It is a type of heat loss where the heat is lost through air movement.

It is a type of heat loss that is lost through direct contract with an object.

A major function of the integumentary system where skin glands can remove large amounts of sweat, but only a small amount of waste products (urea, acid, and ammonia).

Skin is made up of two major tissue layers: _____ and _____.

Skin weighs approximately ____.

Skin is usually referred to as “___ ____”.

“____ ____” is found only on the palms of the hands and soles of feet.

_______ is the most superficial layer of the skin; made up of _____ _______ epithelium.

Distinct Layers of Epidermis

______ is the deepest layer among the five epidermal strata; consists of cuboidal and columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions about every __ days. This stratum is a single payer of cells and firmly attached to ____.

_____ _____, among the five epidermal strata, is the spiny in appearance due to the protruding cell processing that join the cells; composed of __ to __ layers of _____ (cells that manufacture and store the protein kertain)

______ _______, among the five epidermal strata, has grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the spinosum; it generate large amounts of ____, which is fibrous.

_____ _____, among the five epidermal strata, is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer that is found only on thick skin of palms, soles, and digits.

_____ ______, among the five epidermal strata, is the outermost layer of epidermis. It consists of __ to ___ layers of dead squamous filled with keratin and accountd for __% of epidermal thickness; joined by _____. This layer is also coated and surrounded by _____, which acts as a waterproofing material.

A common condition associated with stratum corneum that has excessive sloughing from the surface of the scalp.

A common condition associated with Stratum Corneum that is hard skin and forms when the skin has been exposed to frequent friction resulting in increased layers of cernum and thickened area.

_____ is one of the common conditions associated with Stratum Corneum that occurs when the corneum thickens to form a _____-shaped structure over a bony prominence.

_________ is a process in which new cells with _____ is pushing old cells to the surface. It takes __ to __ days for the new cells to reach the surface.

True or False The first process of keratinization: New cells form and push older cells to the surface

In the second process of keratinization: Cells ____, or ____ ___.

It is the third process of Keratinization: _______ _____ eventually die.

True or False The fourth process of Keratinization: Formation of outer later of dead, rigid cells (resist abrasion and acts as a permeability barrier)

_______ is the 2nd major skin region; composed of ____ _____ ______ ______ containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels.

Dermis is made up of ____ and _____ ______; ______ ______ are oriented in many different directions.

These are areas where skin is the most resistant to stretching; caused by orientation of collagen fibers; vital in scarring.

Visible lines through epidermis that result from overstretched skin, for any reason damaging the dermis; usually common when a person increases in size quite rapidly.

It is one of the layers of Dermis, a thin connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels.

It is the projections that extend up into epidermis; blood flow through these vessels supports lies the overlying epidermis; arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape into fingerprints, footprints, & palm lines; these ridges increase friction and improve the grip of hands and feet; the pattern is genetically determined.

______ ____ is the deepest layer of dermis and accounts for __% of dermis.

A factor affecting skin color.

______ are irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the deep part of epidermis and is responsible for the production of ______.

True or False Melanocytes of darker skinned people produces more and darker melanin than fairer skinned people.

True or False All races have the same amount of melanin.

These are melanin-containing vesicles which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.

The group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.

True or False Pigments of most molecules are brown to black; some are yellowish or redish.

It functions as the provider for protection against ultraviolet light from sunlight.

It is one of the determants of melanin production responsible for the akounts of melanin produced in different races.

It is a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin (have fair skin, white hair, unpigmented irises in eyes)

A type of determinants of Melanin Production that stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production to help protect the skin resulting in a suntan.

True or False UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and become leathery

True or False UV light can alter DNA in cells causing them to mutate.

A ______ is the skin reacting to UV exposure.

Certain _____, such as ______ and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), increase the melanin production during pregnancy.

Give me one area with more melanin.

Give me one area with less melanin.

It attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle; below the dermis.

Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis supplies the area with _____ _____ and _____.

Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis is not part of the skin and is made up of _____ __________ tissue, including _______ tissue and contains about ___ of the body’s stored lipids.

True or False In Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis, the amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age, sex, and diet.

True or False Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis serves as padding and insulator.

True or False Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis is responsible for some of the differences in appearance between men and women.

It is used to estimate total body fat (the thicker the fold, the greater the amount of total body fat)

Acceptable body fat varies from __%-__% for females and from __%-__% for males.

It is found everywhere on the skin, except on palms, the soles, lips, nipples, part of genitalia, and the distal segments of fingers and toes.

It is a flexible strands of keratinized cells and protudes above the surface of the skin.

A hair component that protrudes below the surface.

It is the base of hair root and it is where the hair is produced

It is an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis; it is a group of cells that surround the root and bulb and responsible for giving different shapes to the hair.

____ _______ is a hard covering of hair that is surrounded by the _____, a single later of overlapping cells that hoods the hair in the hair follicle.

A hair component ____ _______, is the softer center that is surrounded by the _____.

It is an extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb; the blood vessels within supply the hair bulb with the nourishment needed to produce hair.

_______ _____ is made up of smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle; its contraction causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface called “_____ _____”

Sequencing Cycle of Hair Production 1. Hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb (Growth Stage) 2. These cells divide and undergo keratinization. 3. Hair root & shaft consist of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells. 4. Hair grows longer as cells are added to the base of the hair within the hair bulb. 5. Old hair falls out; formation of new hair. 6. Growth stops & hair is held in the hair follicle until it falls out (Resting Stage)

_________ and good nutrition promote hair growth.

Scalp grows for _ _____ and rests for _ ____.

Eyelashes grow for __ days and rest for ___ days.

Normally, we lose about __ scalps hairs every day.

____ _____ is determined by varying amounts and types of melanin. ____ _____ is the loss or fading of melanin.

Male Pattern Baldness is from the loss of ____ ______.

There are two major glands of the skin, the _____ and the ____ ______.

These glands are simple, branched acinar glands; most are connected by a duct to the hair follicle.

Sebaceous Glands secrete _____, released by _______ _______, an oily substance rich in lipids that lubricates hair and skin to prevent drying.

Sweat Glands have two types: The _______ Sweat Glands and the ______ Sweat Glands

A type of seeat glands that release sweat by merocrine secretion that is made mostly of water with a few salts.

True or False Apocrine Sweat Glands are located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in palms and soles.