CHAPTER 3LOGISTICS: STRATEGIC DECISION AND ISSUES
CHAPTER 3LOGISTICS: STRATEGIC DECISION AND ISSUES
26問 • 2年前
JORNALA, David Christian - HRDM 1-2 B. Jornala
問題一覧
1
______ originates from the Greek word strategos (“general” of the army), but its contemporary definition refers to a plan for achieving chosen objectives. Therefore, ________ as planning and positioning is the traditional definition of strategy
In other words, ______ are the directional, focused efforts that establish a consistent and planned approach for a business organization. In fact, strategies are the human management decisions that are made with partial information—assumptions about conditions, interactions, attitudes, behaviors, and actions and reactions in the environment—by a company in advance.
Strategy
2
By establishing this strategy, a firm creates the structure of its organization and its business interests, as well as the share of its portfolio in those businesses. The company’s goals define how to develop such infrastructure.
Corporate Strategy
3
This level of strategy determines the type of products or services that the organization wants to offer. Also, business strategy determines what each business unit needs to do and where to do it in order to reach the business objectives at the corporate
level.
Business Strategy
4
This strategy is about how to achieve business objectives set at the corporate and business levels by extensive planning of available resources, processes, products, technologies used, and so on. This strategy also consists of setting certain market policies in order to achieve the organization’s long-term competitive strategy.
Operational Strategy
5
These strategies tell a company how to meet its customers’ desirable demands as defined by cost, quality, reliability, and so on. In a competitive, customer-driven market, an organization cannot ignore necessary competitive strategies.
Competitive Strategy
6
Strategies are used to determine how to get to chosen objectives. Therefore, _______ is the process of identifying those long term goals (objectives) and the necessary steps to achieve those goals over a long term
horizon. Strategic planning incorporates the concerns and future expectations
of major stockholders
Strategic Planning
7
Logistics is a part of a firm’s corporate strategy, but planning a logistics system has its own definitions, components, rules, and so on.
But because this chapter is about logistics strategic decision making and planning, we describe these three logistics decisions in reverse order.
logistics decisions
8
_________ are made in real time on a daily or weekly basis, so their scope is narrow. Decisions such as vehicle loading or dispatching, shipment, and warehouse routines are among the many types of operational decisions. These kinds of decisions are based on lots of detailed data and usually made by supervisors.
Operational Decisions
9
__________ are made on a longer-term basis, whether monthly, quarterly, or even annually. Production planning, transportation planning, and resource planning are the best known types of logistics tactical decisions. These decisions are often made by middle managers or logistics engineers and often with disaggregated data.
Tactical Decisions
10
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, strategic decisions are business objectives and mission statements, as well as marketing and customer-service strategies. Therefore, they are long-term kinds of decisions made over one or more years. These decisions are made by executive administrators, top managers, and stockholders.
Strategic Decisions
11
(the level of investment, which depends on owned equipment and inventories)
Capital reduction
12
(the total cost of transportation and storage)
Cost Reduction
13
(customer satisfaction and order cycle time)
Service-Level Improvement
14
In the current uncertain and rapidly changing business climate, managers must monitor these changes and prepare their organization to respond and even take advantage of them. If managers do not act proactively, then they must constantly react to these changes and may not be able to push their organizations forward
Logistics Strategic Flexibility
15
_________ for any business is based on the three levels of decisions described in the previous section. Logistics planning starts from strategic decision making and hierarchically covers tactical and operational decisions.
Logistics Planning
16
____________ is the first and foremost class of logistics strategic decisions. As defined earlier, logistics involves delivering the right product to the right customer at the right place, at the right time, and with the right cost and quality. Therefore, customer service is the output of logistics.
Customer Service
17
To achieve corporate strategies, an organization must ensure that its structure and flow of materials and information are appropriate. Therefore, logistics network (or, in some references, logistics channel) design is divided into two groups: the physical facility (PF) network and the communication and information (C&I) network
Logistics Network Design
18
Keep in mind that the physical facility location of logistics is not similar to the one in supply-chain management. Physical facility location is about determining the
number, size, location, and necessary equipment of new facilities together with
alteration of existed ones
Physical Facility Network
19
The importance of an integrated communication and information system to success makes planning for such system a part of strategic decisions. These decisions are
about the establishment and maintenance of an effective communication system and planning for information sharing throughout the system
Communication and Information Network
20
________ bring greater flexibility, lower investment risk,
improved cash flow, and lower potential labor costs. Instead, the business might
lose control over its process, might have long lead times or shortages, or choose
the wrong supplier.
Outsourcing
21
_________ (also known as insourcing) have higher control over inputs, higher visibility over the process, and so on. However, more integration requires higher volume and higher investment, and there is less flexibility in using equipment.
Vertical Integration
22
In management science, ________ is about comparing the performance
of a logistics system to a best-practice standard (e.g., a successful logistics firm).
Another use of _________, as mentioned previously, is auditing the performance of the competitors in the market and finding their gaps in serving customers.
Benchmarking
23
Like many decision-making problems, most logistics strategic problems can be cast as mathematical problems. Unfortunately, these optimization
problems are among nondeterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problems, which has resulted in the development of fast heuristic algorithms. These algorithms are intended to search the solution space for good but not necessarily the best solutions. Tabu search, genetic algorithm, and simulated annealing are some of the most famous algorithms.
Optimization Programming
24
_________This method can be used whenever customers are so numerous that demand can be seen as a continuous spatial function. Approximation often yields
closed-form solutions, and it can be used as a simple heuristic.
Continuous Approximation
25
_______ evaluates the behavior of the system or a particular configuration
under different alternative conditions. With each simulation run, these conditions are set one by one, and the results show the probable reaction of the system to these scenarios. This tool comes really handy for strategic decision making because managers can evaluate
their strategies before spending capital, building facilities, and establishing their logisticssystem.
Simulation
26
___________is an attempt to determine in advance the most likely outcome of an uncertain variable. Logistics requirements to be predicted include customer
demands, raw material prices, labor costs, and lead times. There are long-term, medium term, and short-term forecasts. Medium- and long-term demand forecasts are hardly ever left to the logistician. More frequently, this forecasting task is assigned to marketing managers
who try to influence the demand. However, the logistician will often produce short term demand forecasts.
Forecasting
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7問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
______ originates from the Greek word strategos (“general” of the army), but its contemporary definition refers to a plan for achieving chosen objectives. Therefore, ________ as planning and positioning is the traditional definition of strategy
In other words, ______ are the directional, focused efforts that establish a consistent and planned approach for a business organization. In fact, strategies are the human management decisions that are made with partial information—assumptions about conditions, interactions, attitudes, behaviors, and actions and reactions in the environment—by a company in advance.
Strategy
2
By establishing this strategy, a firm creates the structure of its organization and its business interests, as well as the share of its portfolio in those businesses. The company’s goals define how to develop such infrastructure.
Corporate Strategy
3
This level of strategy determines the type of products or services that the organization wants to offer. Also, business strategy determines what each business unit needs to do and where to do it in order to reach the business objectives at the corporate
level.
Business Strategy
4
This strategy is about how to achieve business objectives set at the corporate and business levels by extensive planning of available resources, processes, products, technologies used, and so on. This strategy also consists of setting certain market policies in order to achieve the organization’s long-term competitive strategy.
Operational Strategy
5
These strategies tell a company how to meet its customers’ desirable demands as defined by cost, quality, reliability, and so on. In a competitive, customer-driven market, an organization cannot ignore necessary competitive strategies.
Competitive Strategy
6
Strategies are used to determine how to get to chosen objectives. Therefore, _______ is the process of identifying those long term goals (objectives) and the necessary steps to achieve those goals over a long term
horizon. Strategic planning incorporates the concerns and future expectations
of major stockholders
Strategic Planning
7
Logistics is a part of a firm’s corporate strategy, but planning a logistics system has its own definitions, components, rules, and so on.
But because this chapter is about logistics strategic decision making and planning, we describe these three logistics decisions in reverse order.
logistics decisions
8
_________ are made in real time on a daily or weekly basis, so their scope is narrow. Decisions such as vehicle loading or dispatching, shipment, and warehouse routines are among the many types of operational decisions. These kinds of decisions are based on lots of detailed data and usually made by supervisors.
Operational Decisions
9
__________ are made on a longer-term basis, whether monthly, quarterly, or even annually. Production planning, transportation planning, and resource planning are the best known types of logistics tactical decisions. These decisions are often made by middle managers or logistics engineers and often with disaggregated data.
Tactical Decisions
10
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, strategic decisions are business objectives and mission statements, as well as marketing and customer-service strategies. Therefore, they are long-term kinds of decisions made over one or more years. These decisions are made by executive administrators, top managers, and stockholders.
Strategic Decisions
11
(the level of investment, which depends on owned equipment and inventories)
Capital reduction
12
(the total cost of transportation and storage)
Cost Reduction
13
(customer satisfaction and order cycle time)
Service-Level Improvement
14
In the current uncertain and rapidly changing business climate, managers must monitor these changes and prepare their organization to respond and even take advantage of them. If managers do not act proactively, then they must constantly react to these changes and may not be able to push their organizations forward
Logistics Strategic Flexibility
15
_________ for any business is based on the three levels of decisions described in the previous section. Logistics planning starts from strategic decision making and hierarchically covers tactical and operational decisions.
Logistics Planning
16
____________ is the first and foremost class of logistics strategic decisions. As defined earlier, logistics involves delivering the right product to the right customer at the right place, at the right time, and with the right cost and quality. Therefore, customer service is the output of logistics.
Customer Service
17
To achieve corporate strategies, an organization must ensure that its structure and flow of materials and information are appropriate. Therefore, logistics network (or, in some references, logistics channel) design is divided into two groups: the physical facility (PF) network and the communication and information (C&I) network
Logistics Network Design
18
Keep in mind that the physical facility location of logistics is not similar to the one in supply-chain management. Physical facility location is about determining the
number, size, location, and necessary equipment of new facilities together with
alteration of existed ones
Physical Facility Network
19
The importance of an integrated communication and information system to success makes planning for such system a part of strategic decisions. These decisions are
about the establishment and maintenance of an effective communication system and planning for information sharing throughout the system
Communication and Information Network
20
________ bring greater flexibility, lower investment risk,
improved cash flow, and lower potential labor costs. Instead, the business might
lose control over its process, might have long lead times or shortages, or choose
the wrong supplier.
Outsourcing
21
_________ (also known as insourcing) have higher control over inputs, higher visibility over the process, and so on. However, more integration requires higher volume and higher investment, and there is less flexibility in using equipment.
Vertical Integration
22
In management science, ________ is about comparing the performance
of a logistics system to a best-practice standard (e.g., a successful logistics firm).
Another use of _________, as mentioned previously, is auditing the performance of the competitors in the market and finding their gaps in serving customers.
Benchmarking
23
Like many decision-making problems, most logistics strategic problems can be cast as mathematical problems. Unfortunately, these optimization
problems are among nondeterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problems, which has resulted in the development of fast heuristic algorithms. These algorithms are intended to search the solution space for good but not necessarily the best solutions. Tabu search, genetic algorithm, and simulated annealing are some of the most famous algorithms.
Optimization Programming
24
_________This method can be used whenever customers are so numerous that demand can be seen as a continuous spatial function. Approximation often yields
closed-form solutions, and it can be used as a simple heuristic.
Continuous Approximation
25
_______ evaluates the behavior of the system or a particular configuration
under different alternative conditions. With each simulation run, these conditions are set one by one, and the results show the probable reaction of the system to these scenarios. This tool comes really handy for strategic decision making because managers can evaluate
their strategies before spending capital, building facilities, and establishing their logisticssystem.
Simulation
26
___________is an attempt to determine in advance the most likely outcome of an uncertain variable. Logistics requirements to be predicted include customer
demands, raw material prices, labor costs, and lead times. There are long-term, medium term, and short-term forecasts. Medium- and long-term demand forecasts are hardly ever left to the logistician. More frequently, this forecasting task is assigned to marketing managers
who try to influence the demand. However, the logistician will often produce short term demand forecasts.
Forecasting