Topic A

56問 • 10ヶ月前

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An electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum

vacuum tube

An electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc

transistor

A small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon that contains many its own circuit elements)

integrated circuits (IC)

An electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits

microprocessor

It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place

CPU

cpu is part of a microprocessor

✅

A cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored

magnetic drum

Uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information

magnetic core

A low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand

machine language

Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words known as ______ (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s)

mnemonics

A physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer

memory

An area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans)

artificial intelligence (AI)

5 generations of computer:

(1) vacuum tube based [1940s—1950s] (2) transistor based [1950s—1960s] (3) integrated circuit based [1960s—1970s] (4) VLSI and microprocessor [1970s—present] (5) artificial intelligence based [present—future]

Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes

vacuum tube based computer

Programming language – machine language

vacuum tube based computer

Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room)

vacuum tube based computer

Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape

vacuum tube based computer

Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc

vacuum tube based computer

Quantity – there were about 100 different ______ computers produced between 1942 and 1963

vacuum tube based computer

Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk

transistor based computer

Programming language – assembly language

transistor based computer

Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers)

transistor based computer

Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation computers)

transistor based computer

Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape

transistor based computer

Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc

transistor based computer

Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk

IC based computer

Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, etc.)

IC based computer

Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers

IC based computer (also called mini computers)

Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers)

IC based computer

Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.

IC based computer

Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

IC based computer

VLSI

very large-scale integration

Thousands of transistors on a single microchip

VLSI

Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)

VLSI and microprocessor based computer

A type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off)

RAM

A type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off)

ROM

Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.)

VLSI and microprocessor based computer

A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages

VLSI and microprocessor

Size - smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers

VLSI and microprocessor

Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computers)

VLSI and microprocessor

Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.

VLSI and microprocessor

Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together

VLSI and microprocessor

Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc

VLSI and microprocessor

Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method

Millions of transistors on a single microchip

ultra large-scale integration (ULSI)

ULSI

ultra large-scale integration

Use two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously

parallel processing method

Language – understand natural language (human language)

AI based computer

Power – consume less power and generate less heat

AI based

Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers)

AI based

Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity

AI based

Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.

AI based

Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc

AI based

The ______, this amazing technology went from a government/business-only technology to being everywhere from people’s homes, work places, to people’s pockets in less than 100 years

computer

It is used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc

vacuum tube

Storage devices / storage drives:

— cd / dvd — hdd — network drive — removable disk (usb)

EM Waves and Spectrum

John Marabiles · 73問 · 1年前

EM Waves and Spectrum