Week 10 to 12

80問 • 1年前

問題一覧

______ includes protection from excess water and from water shortage, as well as providing sufficient water for a sustainable environment

water resources engineering

Major reservoirs of water:

97.5% salt water , — 99.04% —> oceans , — 0.01% —> lakes , — 0.95% —> groundwater , 2.5% fresh water , — 69.6% —> glaciers / permanent snow pack / permafrost , — 30.1% —> ground water , — 0.29% —> lakes and marshes , — 0.05% —> soil moisture , — 0.04 —> atmosphere , — 0.006% —> rivers , — 0.003% —> biosphere

______ can inform environmental engineering, policy, and planning

hydrological research

______ aims to provide balance between the built and natural environment through sustainable infrastructure systems

energy and environmental engineering

It deals with the study of efficient water and energy use, water and wastewater quality control and management, solid and hazardous waste management, air quality management, sustainable resource management, green materials in engineered systems, geo-environmental engineering, disaster risk reduction and management, and design of sustainable buildings

energy and environmental engineering

The goal of environmental engineering is to ensure that the ______ and use of ______, ______ and ______ resources are sustainable

societal development , water , land , air

The challenge of energy transition requires ______ that traditional engineering degrees do not offer

transdisciplinary skills

Environmental engineers study ___________, and develop technical solutions needed to solve, attenuate or control these problems in a manner that is compatible with legislative, economic, social and political concerns

water, soil, and air pollution problems

The construction industry is major source of pollution, responsible for around ______ particulate emissions, more water pollution incidents than any other industry, and thousands of noise complaints every year

All construction sites generates high level of dust (typically from ______, ______, ______, ______), and this can carry for large distances over a long period of time

concrete , cement , wood , stone silica

It is responsible for emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide

diesel

Sources of water pollution on construction sites include ______, ______, ______, ______, and other harmful chemicals, and construction debris and dirt

diesel and oil , paint , solvents , cleaners

These are complex mix of chemicals emitted by human and natural sources and formed in the atmosphere

air pollutants

It is the contamination of water by an excess amount of a substance that can cause harm to human beings and the ecosystem

water pollution

This law was enacted to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System of 1978

The law aims to regulate, restrict, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health

Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants throughout the Philippines while minimizing the possible associated impacts on the economy

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and the environment

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

CODE This law was enacted to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection

PD 1586

CODE The law aims to regulate, restrict, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health

RA 6969

CODE The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants throughout the Philippines while minimizing the possible associated impacts on the economy

RA 8749

CODE The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources

RA 9275

CODE The law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and the environment

RA 9003

A ______ designs structural design, elements, and system in buildings, bridges, stadiums, tunnels and other civil engineering works

structural engineer

The process of determining of location, material, and size of structural elements to resist forces acting in structure

design

Forces acting on a structure:

gravity , wind , earthquakes , rain / snow , fluid pressure

In "explore alternative solutions" the following must be done:

— research past experience , — brainstorm , — preliminary design of most promising solutions

Types of gravity force acting on a structure:

dead loads (objects) , live loads (people)

Global Stability:

sliding , overturning

Typical structural systems:

truss , frame

This is the strain behavior of materials

stress

This refers to how a material deforms or changes shape when subjected to stress

strain

Materials used in civil engineering:

— stone and masonry , — metals , — concrete , — wood , — fiber-reinforced plastics

Concrete Components:

— sand (fine aggressive) , — gravel (course aggregate) , — cement (binder) , — water , — air

The ability to withstand given stress without failure

strength

Types of stiffness:

axial , bending

Stiffness depends on type of ______, ______, and ______

material , structural shape , structural configuration

Property related to deformation

stiffness (rigidity)

______ deform less under the same applied load

stiffer structural elements

Forces are a type of quantity called ______

vectors

It is defined by a magnitude and direction

vector

It is defined by only magnitude

scalar

Net force at a point in a structure is equal to 0 Summation of all forces must equal to 0 to keep the building stable

statement of equilibrium ( equilibrium )

Net force at a point is determined using a ______ to account for magnitude and direction

force polygon

It is the resistance from axial load

axial stiffness

What does a structural engineer do:

design buildings and infrastructures , retrofit of old and historic buildings , shoring and excavations , repair and inspection of damaged buildings

Engineering design process (5):

— identify the problem , — explore alternative solution , — analyze and design one or more viable solutions , — testing and evaluation of solution , — build solution using available resources (materials, equipment, labor)

Engineering design process (4):

— select material for construction , — determine the appropriate structural system for a particular case , — determine the forces acting on a structure , — calculate the size of members and connections to avoid failure (collapse) or excessive deformation

In "testing and evaluation of solution" the following must be done:

— field test , — peer evaluation

Geometric elements of a road:

— alignment — camber (cross slope) — carriageway width — gradient — horizontal curve — kerb — width of roadway — right of way — shoulder — slight distance — superelevation — vertical curve

Challenges traffic engineers face:

— change of notion from increasing capacity to meet demand to managing tye movement of vehicle and people , — ever increasing congestion , — safety and security of transportation facilities , — technologically sound solutions may not be socially acceptable

The application of technology and scientific principles to planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for the mode of transportation in order to provide the safe, rapid, comfortable convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of the people and goods

transportation engineering

The specialized field of civil engineering that deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operation of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other mode of transportation

transportation engineering

Types of surface transportation and aviation:

land — roadways — railways , water — waterways , air — airways

Modes of transportation:

road , rail , air , maritime

Objectives of a traffic engineer:

speed , comfort , convenience , economy , environmental compatibility

MMDA meaning

metropolitan manila development authority

This vehicle account for a big chunk of road crashes, they topped the 2015 road safety report of WHO, composing of ______ road traffic death

motorcycles , 23%

While ______ is much to be desired, it is limited by transpo characteristics, and the need to provide safety

SPEED

______ and ______ are generic terms and main different things to different people

COMFORT , comfort and convenience

______ involves the physical characteristics of vehicles and roadways, and influenced by our perception of safety

comfort

______ relates more to the ease with which trips are made and the ability of transport systems accommodate all of our travel needs at appropriate times

CONVENIENCE

______ is also relative. There is little modern transportation systems that can be termed "cheap" Highway and other transportation system involve massive construction, maintenance, and operating expenditures, most of which are provided through general and user taxes and fees Nevertheless, every engineer, regardless of discipline, is called upon to provide the best possible systems for the money

ECONOMY

Harmony with the environment is a complex issue that has become more important over time All transportation systems have some negative impacts on the environment. All produce air and noise pollution in some forms, and all utilize valuable land resources

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY

Waterways:

types of harbor: — natural "" — seminatural "" — artificial "" , types of port: — major — intermediate — minor , types of docks: — wet "" — dry ""

Roadways:

ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS: NH — national highway SH — state highway MDH — major district road ODR — other district road VR — village road , BASED ON CARRIAGE WAY — paved roads — unpaved roads , BASED ON PAVEMENT — surface roads — unsurfaced roads , AS PER USABILITY — all weather roads — fair weather roads , URBAN ROADS — arterial roads — sub arterial roads — collector streets — local streets

It is the primary objective in civil engineering

safety

The principal goal of the traffic engineer remains the ______

provision of a safe system for highway traffic

Accordinng to PSA, an average of ______ Filipinos die everyday due to ______

34 , vehicular collisions

Possible Solutions to Traffic Problems

facility design , traffic control , reducing demand , shifting demand , repacking demand

DOTr

department of transportation

Elements of traffic engineering:

— facility design — ITS — performance evaluation — traffic control — traffic operations — traffic studies and characteristics — transportation system and management ITS — integration of intelligent transportation system technologies

Modes of transportation: > urban people transportation system

— automobile taxi / for hire vehicles , — public utility jeepney , — tricycle , — local bus transit , — light rail , — ferry

Modes of transportation: > intercity people transportation system

— automobile , — intercity bus (point-to-point bus) , — railroad , — air , — water

Modes of transportation: ~ urban and intercity freight transportation ~

— long — haul trucks , — local truck , — railroad , — airfreight , — water , — pipelines

According to the MMDA, among the most accident-prone roads in Metro Manila are ______, ______ and ______

— alabang zapote road , — commonwealth avenue , — edsa

According to ______, assistant secretary of the department of transportation (DOTr), there is a daily average of ______ road crashes in metro manila alone Vehicles involved are:

Mark de Leon , 262 , — motorcycle = 53% — pedestrian = 19% — drivers of vehicles of 4 wheels or more = 14% — 4-wheeled vehicle passengers = 11% — cyclists = 2% — others = 1%

Traffic engineering profession:

relationship with the general public: — more than other engineers — deals with a wide variety of public officials , professional ethics — has a great sense of responsibility based on the scale of the outcomes

According to the latest data of PSA, ______ people died due to road crashes in ______, a ______% increase from ______ death recorded in ______

10 012 , 2015 , 45.76% , 6869 , 2006

EM Waves and Spectrum

John Marabiles · 73問 · 1年前

EM Waves and Spectrum