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38問 • 11ヶ月前
  • John Marabiles
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    The difference between the observed value and the true value of a measurement

    error

  • 2

    In reality, true values can never be identified thus, all observations are assumed to have errors

    ✅

  • 3

    Surveyors are tasked to correct their observation depending on many factors such as ______, ______, and ______

    — mechanical equipment used — environmental conditions during survey — how careful the person during survey

  • 4

    These are inaccuracies in measurements which occur in surveying operations of surveyor’s carelessness, inattention, poor judgement, and poor execution

    mistakes

  • 5

    It can occur by misunderstanding the problem, inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor

    mistakes

  • 6

    Theory of errors in observations:

    — systematic / cumulative errors — accidental / random errors

  • 7

    Errors resulting from observer, the instrument, and the environment

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 8

    It is said to be cumulative since it tends to increase in magnitude so long as the condition remains constant

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 9

    These are errors beyond the control of the surveyor

    accidental / random errors

  • 10

    They are the probabilistic in nature and often tends to cancel out

    accidental / random errors

  • 11

    They are still present even if systematic errors have been eliminated

    accidental / random errors

  • 12

    There is no absolute way in determining or eliminating them since the error for an observation of a quantity is unlikely to be the same as for the second observation

    accidental / random error

  • 13

    • Incorrect instrument or equipment calibration • Improper leveling • Errors due to refraction in optical measurements

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 14

    • Slight variation in instrument readings due to vibration • Slight variation in ground surface • Slight variation in rod holding • Temperature fluctuations affecting instrument accuracy

    accidental / random errors

  • 15

    Sources of errors:

    (1) instrumental errors (2) natural errors (3) personal errors

  • 16

    Error due to imperfections in the instruments used

    instrumental error

  • 17

    Error due to variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, and refraction, gravity, and curvature of the earth

    natural error

  • 18

    Errors that arise from limitation of senses of sight, touch, and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate

    personal errors

  • 19

    Refers to degree of consistency of a group of observations

    precision

  • 20

    Refers to closeness of a measurement to its true value

    accuracy

  • 21

    Defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences, it is very much used in games of chance

    probability

  • 22

    Things do happen randomly or by chance and these are proven by the principle of mathematics commonly known as

    probability

  • 23

    Accidental errors exist in all surveying measurements and their magnitude and frequency are governed by the same general principles of probability

    ✅

  • 24

    It is useful in indicating the precision of results only in so far as they are affected by accidental errors However, these do not determine the magnitude of the systematic error (even if it is present)

    theory of probability

  • 25

    Theory of Probability is based on these assumptions relative to the occurrences of errors:

    (1) small errors are more likely to occur than large ones (2) large errors happen rarely (3) Positive and negative errors of same size happens in equal frequency (4) The mean of an infinite number of observations is the most probable value

  • 26

    These are errors that occur unpredictably and are equally likely to be positive or negative For example, if you measure a distance multiple times, sometimes the reading may be slightly higher, sometimes slightly lower

    random errors

  • 27

    When taking measurements in surveying (like distances, angles, and elevations), there are always small unavoidable errors due to factors like instrument limitations, environmental conditions, and human perception

    ✅

  • 28

    Since random errors balance out over multiple measurements, taking repeated observations and averaging the results improves accuracy

    ✅

  • 29

    In normally distributed errors, unusually large ones may be mistakes rather than accidental errors

    ✅

  • 30

    By the principles of probability, measurements containing accidental errors can be adjusted, the most probable value of observation can be determined, while eliminating the discrepancies It must be noted that the adjusted values are not true values but are only the most probable value which can be derived from the observations/measurements

    ✅

  • 31

    Since no observation is completely free of error, the true value of an observation must be represented by a value assumed to be close to it, this value is called as

    most probable value

  • 32

    The ______ are the observed values corrected by an equal part of the total error

    most probable value (mpv)

  • 33

    Defined as the difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value

    residual / deviation

  • 34

    Residuals and errors are theoretical identical, the only difference is that:

    residuals can be quantified (calculated) errors cannot because there is no way of knowing the true values

  • 35

    Defines the quantity which when added / subtracted from the MPV, defines a range within there is a 50% chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies within (or outside) the limits

    probable error

  • 36

    Expressed in fraction which indicates the accuracy of the measurement

    relative precision / error

  • 37

    Measures the relative worth of an observation as compared to other measurements

    weighted measurements

  • 38

    Another way for a surveyor to arrive in a more accurate value is to use ______

    weighted measurement

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    The difference between the observed value and the true value of a measurement

    error

  • 2

    In reality, true values can never be identified thus, all observations are assumed to have errors

    ✅

  • 3

    Surveyors are tasked to correct their observation depending on many factors such as ______, ______, and ______

    — mechanical equipment used — environmental conditions during survey — how careful the person during survey

  • 4

    These are inaccuracies in measurements which occur in surveying operations of surveyor’s carelessness, inattention, poor judgement, and poor execution

    mistakes

  • 5

    It can occur by misunderstanding the problem, inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor

    mistakes

  • 6

    Theory of errors in observations:

    — systematic / cumulative errors — accidental / random errors

  • 7

    Errors resulting from observer, the instrument, and the environment

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 8

    It is said to be cumulative since it tends to increase in magnitude so long as the condition remains constant

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 9

    These are errors beyond the control of the surveyor

    accidental / random errors

  • 10

    They are the probabilistic in nature and often tends to cancel out

    accidental / random errors

  • 11

    They are still present even if systematic errors have been eliminated

    accidental / random errors

  • 12

    There is no absolute way in determining or eliminating them since the error for an observation of a quantity is unlikely to be the same as for the second observation

    accidental / random error

  • 13

    • Incorrect instrument or equipment calibration • Improper leveling • Errors due to refraction in optical measurements

    systematic / cumulative errors

  • 14

    • Slight variation in instrument readings due to vibration • Slight variation in ground surface • Slight variation in rod holding • Temperature fluctuations affecting instrument accuracy

    accidental / random errors

  • 15

    Sources of errors:

    (1) instrumental errors (2) natural errors (3) personal errors

  • 16

    Error due to imperfections in the instruments used

    instrumental error

  • 17

    Error due to variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, and refraction, gravity, and curvature of the earth

    natural error

  • 18

    Errors that arise from limitation of senses of sight, touch, and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate

    personal errors

  • 19

    Refers to degree of consistency of a group of observations

    precision

  • 20

    Refers to closeness of a measurement to its true value

    accuracy

  • 21

    Defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences, it is very much used in games of chance

    probability

  • 22

    Things do happen randomly or by chance and these are proven by the principle of mathematics commonly known as

    probability

  • 23

    Accidental errors exist in all surveying measurements and their magnitude and frequency are governed by the same general principles of probability

    ✅

  • 24

    It is useful in indicating the precision of results only in so far as they are affected by accidental errors However, these do not determine the magnitude of the systematic error (even if it is present)

    theory of probability

  • 25

    Theory of Probability is based on these assumptions relative to the occurrences of errors:

    (1) small errors are more likely to occur than large ones (2) large errors happen rarely (3) Positive and negative errors of same size happens in equal frequency (4) The mean of an infinite number of observations is the most probable value

  • 26

    These are errors that occur unpredictably and are equally likely to be positive or negative For example, if you measure a distance multiple times, sometimes the reading may be slightly higher, sometimes slightly lower

    random errors

  • 27

    When taking measurements in surveying (like distances, angles, and elevations), there are always small unavoidable errors due to factors like instrument limitations, environmental conditions, and human perception

    ✅

  • 28

    Since random errors balance out over multiple measurements, taking repeated observations and averaging the results improves accuracy

    ✅

  • 29

    In normally distributed errors, unusually large ones may be mistakes rather than accidental errors

    ✅

  • 30

    By the principles of probability, measurements containing accidental errors can be adjusted, the most probable value of observation can be determined, while eliminating the discrepancies It must be noted that the adjusted values are not true values but are only the most probable value which can be derived from the observations/measurements

    ✅

  • 31

    Since no observation is completely free of error, the true value of an observation must be represented by a value assumed to be close to it, this value is called as

    most probable value

  • 32

    The ______ are the observed values corrected by an equal part of the total error

    most probable value (mpv)

  • 33

    Defined as the difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value

    residual / deviation

  • 34

    Residuals and errors are theoretical identical, the only difference is that:

    residuals can be quantified (calculated) errors cannot because there is no way of knowing the true values

  • 35

    Defines the quantity which when added / subtracted from the MPV, defines a range within there is a 50% chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies within (or outside) the limits

    probable error

  • 36

    Expressed in fraction which indicates the accuracy of the measurement

    relative precision / error

  • 37

    Measures the relative worth of an observation as compared to other measurements

    weighted measurements

  • 38

    Another way for a surveyor to arrive in a more accurate value is to use ______

    weighted measurement