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Urinary
48問 • 1年前
  • holly shea
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    What would you expect the pressure in the peritubular capillaries of the kidney to be?

    Higher oncotic pressure compared to normal capillary bed

  • 2

    What happens to GFR is afferent arteriole is vasoconstricted?

    Decrease GFR

  • 3

    What is the osmolarity of the fluid at the end of PCT compared with that in Bowman’s capsule?

    Same

  • 4

    Which process contributes to maintaining solute concentration in medulla through passive diffusion?

    Urea recycling

  • 5

    Which of the following ions is NOT reabsorbed in the PCT?

    K+

  • 6

    Which value will decrease if systemic blood pressure remains constant while cardiac output increases?

    TPR

  • 7

    Explain difference between myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanisms of renal autoregultion.

    Myogenic autoregulation: - rapid + direct response to changes in BP - stretch sensitive smooth muscle in afferent arteriole construct when BP rises - reduce blood flow and hydrostatic pressure - GFR decreases TGF autoregulation: - slow + indirect response to Na+ conc in LOH - flow rate high = high conc Na+ in filtrate - macula densa cells detect this change - send signals to afferent arteriole to constrict - reduce GFR - promote Na+ transcription and reduce fluid volume

  • 8

    Angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone

    True

  • 9

    Angiotensin II causes and increase in GFR

    False

  • 10

    Angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of Na+

    True

  • 11

    What would induce a release of renin from juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney?

    Decrease in GFR

  • 12

    What hormone released when blood volume increases?

    Atrial natriuretic peptide

  • 13

    If GFR decreases, what signal does macula densa cells give to afferent arteriole?

    Vasodilation

  • 14

    What would you expect in pelvic nerve damage?

    Lack parasympathetic supply to motor neurones of detrusor muscle = cannot contract and empty. Sympathetic (hypogastric) supply fine = tone in internal sphincter so bladder will contain urine. Urine will have to be manually expressed - compress bladder enough for urine to pass both sphincters. Not continually expressing = damage to bladder (necrosis) and rupture.

  • 15

    Damage to pudendal nerve?

    Detrusor muscle not affected - ANS not affected. Somatic motor neurones affected to external sphincter = lost control so may leak urine (incontinence).

  • 16

    Damagw to spinal cord around sacral segments?

    Both pelvic and pudendal nerves affected = parasympathetic (contraction detrusor) and somatic (loss of external sphincter) affected. Sympathetic not affected (lumbar) = tone in internal sphincter still present. Bladder will be full but NO urine produced. Easy to express - no external sphincter to get past and internal sphincter is weak.

  • 17

    What will stimulate increased tone in internal sphincter of the bladder?

    Increased activity of sympathetic nerve fibres to sphincter muscle

  • 18

    What would you expect urine specific gravity (USG) to be in dehydrated animal?

    Increased

  • 19

    Which hormone is synthesised by the kidney?

    Erythropoietin

  • 20

    How does a sudden and significant decrease in systemic blood pressure likely affect GFR?

    Decreased proportionally due to reduced driving force

  • 21

    What changes in blood bicarbonate concentration and PCO2 would you expect in a dog suffering from acute uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

    Normal bicarbonate, low PCO2

  • 22

    What electrolyte is normally found in lower conc in urine than in blood plasma?

    Bicarbonate

  • 23

    Which of the following conditions would lead to increased osmolarity of urine?

    Dehydration

  • 24

    Where does majority of bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

    PCT

  • 25

    Which region of the nephron is permeable to solutes and impermeable to water?

    Ascending LOH

  • 26

    What is the main stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

    Increase in plasma osmolarity

  • 27

    What is the major stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

    Hyperkalaemia

  • 28

    Where does the majority of Na+ reabsorption occur in nephron?

    PCT

  • 29

    What percentage of cardiac output distributed to kidneys?

    25%

  • 30

    Urea recycling can cause a build up of urea in what region of the kidney?

    Medulla

  • 31

    DCT is situated in what part of the kidney?

    Cortex

  • 32

    What physiological response would you expect to a moderate decrease in blood pressure in the afferent arterioles of the kidney?

    Vasodilation of afferent

  • 33

    What would induce a release of renin from juxta glomerular cells of kidney?

    Decrease in GFR

  • 34

    Fluid entering LOH from PCT…

    … has higher conc of nitrogenous waste products than plasma

  • 35

    What is the normal fluid intake of 600kg non-lactating cow?

    30L

  • 36

    What hormone is released when blood volume increases?

    Atrial natriuretic peptide

  • 37

    If GFR decreases, what signal does macula densa cells give to afferent arteriole?

    Vasodilation

  • 38

    PCT reabsorbed what percentage of filtered water?

    70%

  • 39

    Which process drives reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in PCT?

    Actuve transport

  • 40

    What is the primary mechanism responsible for Na+ reabsorption in PCT?

    Na+/K+ ATPase pump

  • 41

    Where does majority of filtered K+ reabsorption occur in nephron?

    PCT

  • 42

    How is urea primarily reabsorbed in the renal tubules?

    Passive diffusion

  • 43

    Parasympathetic nervous system mediates bladder contraction during mictuation through activation of what receptor?

    Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

  • 44

    Pudendal nerve responsible for relaxation of external sphincter during micturition arises from what spinal cord segments?

    S4-S5

  • 45

    Glomerulus receives blood from which of the following vessels?

    Afferent arterioles

  • 46

    A dog with acute kidney injury shows elevated blood, urea, nitrogen and creatinine levels. What does the signify?

    Reduced GFR

  • 47

    Which hormone plays a central role in stimulating re-absorption of water in the DCT of the kidney?

    ADH

  • 48

    What substrate is partially filtered at the glomerular capillaries, undergoes regulated reabsorption and is not secreted into the filtrate?

    Calcium

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    What would you expect the pressure in the peritubular capillaries of the kidney to be?

    Higher oncotic pressure compared to normal capillary bed

  • 2

    What happens to GFR is afferent arteriole is vasoconstricted?

    Decrease GFR

  • 3

    What is the osmolarity of the fluid at the end of PCT compared with that in Bowman’s capsule?

    Same

  • 4

    Which process contributes to maintaining solute concentration in medulla through passive diffusion?

    Urea recycling

  • 5

    Which of the following ions is NOT reabsorbed in the PCT?

    K+

  • 6

    Which value will decrease if systemic blood pressure remains constant while cardiac output increases?

    TPR

  • 7

    Explain difference between myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanisms of renal autoregultion.

    Myogenic autoregulation: - rapid + direct response to changes in BP - stretch sensitive smooth muscle in afferent arteriole construct when BP rises - reduce blood flow and hydrostatic pressure - GFR decreases TGF autoregulation: - slow + indirect response to Na+ conc in LOH - flow rate high = high conc Na+ in filtrate - macula densa cells detect this change - send signals to afferent arteriole to constrict - reduce GFR - promote Na+ transcription and reduce fluid volume

  • 8

    Angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone

    True

  • 9

    Angiotensin II causes and increase in GFR

    False

  • 10

    Angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of Na+

    True

  • 11

    What would induce a release of renin from juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney?

    Decrease in GFR

  • 12

    What hormone released when blood volume increases?

    Atrial natriuretic peptide

  • 13

    If GFR decreases, what signal does macula densa cells give to afferent arteriole?

    Vasodilation

  • 14

    What would you expect in pelvic nerve damage?

    Lack parasympathetic supply to motor neurones of detrusor muscle = cannot contract and empty. Sympathetic (hypogastric) supply fine = tone in internal sphincter so bladder will contain urine. Urine will have to be manually expressed - compress bladder enough for urine to pass both sphincters. Not continually expressing = damage to bladder (necrosis) and rupture.

  • 15

    Damage to pudendal nerve?

    Detrusor muscle not affected - ANS not affected. Somatic motor neurones affected to external sphincter = lost control so may leak urine (incontinence).

  • 16

    Damagw to spinal cord around sacral segments?

    Both pelvic and pudendal nerves affected = parasympathetic (contraction detrusor) and somatic (loss of external sphincter) affected. Sympathetic not affected (lumbar) = tone in internal sphincter still present. Bladder will be full but NO urine produced. Easy to express - no external sphincter to get past and internal sphincter is weak.

  • 17

    What will stimulate increased tone in internal sphincter of the bladder?

    Increased activity of sympathetic nerve fibres to sphincter muscle

  • 18

    What would you expect urine specific gravity (USG) to be in dehydrated animal?

    Increased

  • 19

    Which hormone is synthesised by the kidney?

    Erythropoietin

  • 20

    How does a sudden and significant decrease in systemic blood pressure likely affect GFR?

    Decreased proportionally due to reduced driving force

  • 21

    What changes in blood bicarbonate concentration and PCO2 would you expect in a dog suffering from acute uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

    Normal bicarbonate, low PCO2

  • 22

    What electrolyte is normally found in lower conc in urine than in blood plasma?

    Bicarbonate

  • 23

    Which of the following conditions would lead to increased osmolarity of urine?

    Dehydration

  • 24

    Where does majority of bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

    PCT

  • 25

    Which region of the nephron is permeable to solutes and impermeable to water?

    Ascending LOH

  • 26

    What is the main stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

    Increase in plasma osmolarity

  • 27

    What is the major stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

    Hyperkalaemia

  • 28

    Where does the majority of Na+ reabsorption occur in nephron?

    PCT

  • 29

    What percentage of cardiac output distributed to kidneys?

    25%

  • 30

    Urea recycling can cause a build up of urea in what region of the kidney?

    Medulla

  • 31

    DCT is situated in what part of the kidney?

    Cortex

  • 32

    What physiological response would you expect to a moderate decrease in blood pressure in the afferent arterioles of the kidney?

    Vasodilation of afferent

  • 33

    What would induce a release of renin from juxta glomerular cells of kidney?

    Decrease in GFR

  • 34

    Fluid entering LOH from PCT…

    … has higher conc of nitrogenous waste products than plasma

  • 35

    What is the normal fluid intake of 600kg non-lactating cow?

    30L

  • 36

    What hormone is released when blood volume increases?

    Atrial natriuretic peptide

  • 37

    If GFR decreases, what signal does macula densa cells give to afferent arteriole?

    Vasodilation

  • 38

    PCT reabsorbed what percentage of filtered water?

    70%

  • 39

    Which process drives reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in PCT?

    Actuve transport

  • 40

    What is the primary mechanism responsible for Na+ reabsorption in PCT?

    Na+/K+ ATPase pump

  • 41

    Where does majority of filtered K+ reabsorption occur in nephron?

    PCT

  • 42

    How is urea primarily reabsorbed in the renal tubules?

    Passive diffusion

  • 43

    Parasympathetic nervous system mediates bladder contraction during mictuation through activation of what receptor?

    Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

  • 44

    Pudendal nerve responsible for relaxation of external sphincter during micturition arises from what spinal cord segments?

    S4-S5

  • 45

    Glomerulus receives blood from which of the following vessels?

    Afferent arterioles

  • 46

    A dog with acute kidney injury shows elevated blood, urea, nitrogen and creatinine levels. What does the signify?

    Reduced GFR

  • 47

    Which hormone plays a central role in stimulating re-absorption of water in the DCT of the kidney?

    ADH

  • 48

    What substrate is partially filtered at the glomerular capillaries, undergoes regulated reabsorption and is not secreted into the filtrate?

    Calcium