Minimal but muzzle for direct opthalmoscopy

Observation - hands off + lights on

Behaviour, abnormal signs, facial conformation

Movement, posture + behaviour

Excessive blinking or squinting, overflow of tears + photophobia (sensitivity to light)

Symmetry, discharge + globe position

Hands on + lights on

Adnexa examination, retropulse globes, pupil size + symmetry, reflexes

Eyelids, conjunctiva + nictitating membrane

Globe pressure upper eyelids = degree which eyeball moves back in socket should be bilateral, symmetrical and non-painful

Corneal light reflex, palpebral reflex, menace response

Hands off + lights off = pen torch alone

Examine adnexa/cornea/anterior segment/iris, pupillary light response, dazzle response

Distance direct opthalmoscopy = dark room

Tapetal reflex = green reflection of tapetum (clear path from cornea to tapetum)

Medially dilate pupil + right eye to examine animals right eye

Close direct opthalmoscopy = dark room

Fundus + anterior segment

Reduce brightness via rheostat

Optic disc + blood vessels

Divide into quadrants = systematic exam —> look for lesions, pigment changes, detachment

Lens = +10D, anterior segment = +20D

Examine external opening to ear canal = discharge or inflammation

Sedation = painful

Gentle angle downwards = vertical canal is first

Change angle to 90 degrees to skull = horizontal canal

Tympanic membrane = end of horizontal ear —> grey translucent membrane

Disinfect specula or use new one

Circle = different sizes - patient pupil size, half = obstruction in pupil - lesion in eye (reduce reflection), slit = anterior segment, grid = measure lesions