問題一覧
1
How many ribs does a normal dog have?
13
2
What is the name of the most causal sternabra?
Xiphoid process
3
What type of epithelium forms the innermost layer of the heart - endocardium?
Simple squamous
4
What is the name of the innermost layer of the blood vessels, confluence with the endocardium?
Tunica intima
5
When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure which valve will open?
left AV valve
6
Which phase of the cardiac cycle crates the pressure difference that causes the aortic valve to open?
isovolumetric contraction
7
What vessels have discontinuous endothelium which allow communication between intra-vascular and extra-vascular environment?
Sinusoid
8
A dog presents with right sided congestive heart failure. Free fluid in the abdomen due to increased venous pressure. Which blood vessel has allowed this fluid to leave the circulation?
Capillary
9
What is created by the pressure difference along a blood vessel?
Perfusion pressure
10
Which chamber of the heart has the lowest internal pressure?
Right atrium
11
Increase in which of the following factors will directly increase EDVV?
Preload
12
What is the effect of increased afterload on ventricular volume?
It increases ESVV
13
Which channels open at the start of an action potential in an ordinary cardiac myocyte?
Fast Na+ channels
14
Which channels open to enable depolarisation of the cardiac myocyte?
K+ channels
15
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarisation
16
What is produced by endothelial cells to cause vasodilation as an intrinsic response to an increase in blood flow velocity?
Nitric Oxide
17
What is a product of cell metabolism that causes vasoconstriction in tissues?
oxygen
18
What is created in the king and causes vasoconstriction and stimulated production of ADH from pituitary gland, aldosterone from adrenal gland and causes increased thrust via hypothalamus?
Angiotensin II
19
Where are the are the preganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Craniosacral
20
What effect does sympathetic response have on blood supply to non-essential organs?
Vasoconstriction
21
What is the effect of beta-1 adrenergic activation on cardiac myocytes?
Increase contractility
22
What is the effect of the respiratory pump on the heart?
Increases preload
23
What is the effect of metabolic autoregulation on exercising skeletal muscle?
vasodilation of afferent arterioles
24
What is the result of chronically high venous pressure in backwards heart failure?
Filtration of water from capillaries to ISF
25
What is the first mechanism to act in an acute drop in blood pressure?
Baroreflex
26
Which of these cardiac diseases would be most likely to cause primary forward heart failure?
Aortic stenosis
27
Which of these hormones cause sodium and water loss at the kidney?
Atrial natiuretic peptide
28
Which lymphocentre drains deep structures of forelim?
Axillary
29
What is the only lymph node readily palpable in a normal horse?
Submandibular
30
A dog presents with a mass on its right hind paw. In addition to taking a biopsy from the mass, which lymph node should you sample to check for local metastasis?
Popliteal
31
Where does the thoracic duct originate?
Cisterna chyli