chapter 15

memory, specific, antibody immunity (B-cells), cellular immunity (T-cells)

molecule from pathogen that reacts with antibodies

capsule, cell wall, fimbriae, flagella, pili, toxins

protein of the immune system that binds to antigen. part of the adaptive immunity

the part of the antigen that binds the antibody

initial exposure, primary immune response, secondary exposure, secondary immune response

antibodies have a variable region and a constant region. variable region binds to the antigen

2 light chains, 2 heavy chains

disulphide bonds

IgG: most abundant; can cross placenta and tissues; opsonizes, agglutinate, neutralizes (viruses, bacteria), IgA: common in secretions; breast milk, tears, saliva. Neutralize, trap pathogens in mucus, IgE: low concentration in blood; functions against parasites and allergies, stimulate inflammation, active basophils and mast cells (granulocytes) which release histamine., IgM: pentamer; first antibody produced; functions to opsonize, agglutinate, neutralize, IgD: found in membrane of B cells (bind antigen)

neutralize pathogens, opsonize (coats) for phagocytosis, agglutinate (aggregate), activate complement, cell-mediated cytotoxicity

kill pathogen that are too big, have Fc receptor that binds constant region of antibody that is attached to a pathogen, release perforin and granzyme (cytotoxins)

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, eat bacteria, present antigen on MHII (major histocompatability complex II) which is needed to activate T-cells

antibodies fight pathogens in extracellular spaces, T-cells target intracellular pathogens, T-cell (T lymphocytes) responsible for the cell-mediated immune response

T cells mature In thymus, B cells mature in the bone marrow

activate antibody immunity, activate T-cell immunity, enhance killing by macrophages and NK cells

autoimmune diseases

recognize, target, and kill infected cells

activate cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells, stimulate macrophages, natural killer cells, short lived

activate (through cytokines) B cells- B cell clone plasma cell to release/produce antibodies, short lived