abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood (above 45 mmHg)

low sodium content (water content is too high)

occurs whenever non-respiratory acids are lost

45% solids, 55% fluids

occurs whenever too much CO2 is lost (PCO2 falls below 35 mmHg)

parathyroid hormone , calcitonin

bicarbonate

2/3 intracellular fluid, 1/3 extra cellularfluid

extracellular fluid- cation is Na+ and anion is Cl-, intracellular fluid- cation is K+ and anions are proteins and phosphates

intracellular fluid- all fluid contained inside cells, and comprises 2/3 of all body fluids, extracellular fluid- all fluid outside the confines of the plasma membranes that contain all intracellular contents * 1/3 of all body fluid is contained in the extracellular compartment

Proteins composed of amino acids and contain at least one carboxyl groups (-COOH) and at least one amino group (NH2)

Free carboxyl group acts like an acid by releasing H+ when pH rises (alkaline conditions) , Free amino group at other end can act as a base by combining with H+ when pH falls (acidic conditions)

acidosis- below 7.35, alkalosis- above 7.45

80% interstitial fluid, 20% blood plasma

40% solids, 60% fluids

plasma membrane of individual cells, blood vessel walls

water loss and intake

stimulates kidneys to release renin, promotes formation of angiotensin ll, increase blood osmolarity

atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

hypoventilation- bring pH into normal range , hyperventilation- losing too much CO2

chloride

metabolic water (200 mL), ingested foods (700 mL), ingested liquids (1600 mL)

decreases

yes

GI tract (100 mL), lungs (300 mL), skin (600 mL), kidneys (1500 mL)

is characterized by a decreased bicarbonate level and decreased pH

hypothalamus