chapter 27 fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base homeostasis

27問 • 1年前

問題一覧

What are the 2 types of fluid ?

intracellular fluid- all fluid contained inside cells, and comprises 2/3 of all body fluids, extracellular fluid- all fluid outside the confines of the plasma membranes that contain all intracellular contents * 1/3 of all body fluid is contained in the extracellular compartment

In females what are the percentages of body mass ?

45% solids, 55% fluids

In males what are the body mass percentages ?

40% solids, 60% fluids

What is the total body fluid ratio in males and females

2/3 intracellular fluid, 1/3 extra cellularfluid

What is the extracellular fluid percentages ?

80% interstitial fluid, 20% blood plasma

What are the two general barriers separating these fluid compartments ?

plasma membrane of individual cells, blood vessel walls

What is hyponatremia ?

low sodium content (water content is too high)

Explain water loss

GI tract (100 mL), lungs (300 mL), skin (600 mL), kidneys (1500 mL)

Explain water gain

metabolic water (200 mL), ingested foods (700 mL), ingested liquids (1600 mL)

Is water loss and water gain equal

yes

If mild dehydration occurs, what happens to blood volume/pressure ?

decreases

Explain how the RAA system fixes this

stimulates kidneys to release renin, promotes formation of angiotensin ll, increase blood osmolarity

Where is the thirst center located ?

hypothalamus

What is the main factor that determines body fluid volume ?

water loss and intake

If water volume/pressure goes up which hormone is secreted ?

atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

What is the main cation and anion in extracellular and intracellular fluid ?

extracellular fluid- cation is Na+ and anion is Cl-, intracellular fluid- cation is K+ and anions are proteins and phosphates

What plasma anion is the most significant ?

chloride

Intercalated cells of renal tubule regulates which anion

bicarbonate

Which hormones regulate calcium levels ?

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin

Explain the protein buffer system

Proteins composed of amino acids and contain at least one carboxyl groups (-COOH) and at least one amino group (NH2)

When do protein buffer release or combine with a H ?

Free carboxyl group acts like an acid by releasing H+ when pH rises (alkaline conditions), Free amino group at other end can act as a base by combining with H+ when pH falls (acidic conditions)

What is the blood pH is acidosis and alkalosis ?

acidosis- below 7.35, alkalosis- above 7.45

What is respiratory alkalosis ?

occurs whenever too much CO2 is lost (PCO2 falls below 35 mmHg)

What is metabolic alkalosis ?

occurs whenever non-respiratory acids are lost

What is metabolic acidosis ?

is characterized by a decreased bicarbonate level and decreased pH

What is respiratory acidosis ?

abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood (above 45 mmHg)

What can hypoventalion and hyperventilation cause ?

hypoventilation- bring pH into normal range, hyperventilation- losing too much CO2

lymphatic system part 2

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lymphatic system part 2