respiratory system part 1

upper respiratory tract- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures, lower respiratory tract- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the upper respiratory tract, Lower respiratory tract is involved with gas exchange (alveoli)

Conducting zone (inside and outside lungs) is involved with bringing air to the site of external respiration, Respiratory zone (inside lungs) is the main site of gas exchange

conducting zone- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, respiratory zone- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Septal nasal cartilage – forms anterior portion of nasal septum, Lateral nasal cartilages– inferior to nasal bones, Alar cartilages – form portion of walls of nostrils

vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate

air filled cavities within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones

lined with mucus membranes that humidify and warm the air, reduce weight in the skull, help to resonate the sound of our voice

to increase the surface area of the nasal passages, helping to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They also help to redirect airflow, ensuring efficient breathing and enhancing our sense of smell.

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

lies posteriorly to nasal cavity and extends to soft palate contains pharyngeal tonsils and the opening of the Eustachian tubes (auditory tubes)

posterior to oral cavity and extends from soft palate to hyoid bone contains palatine tonsils and small lingual tonsils

posterior to larynx level of hyoid down to esophagus

9 pieces (8 hyaline and 1 elastic)

thyroid cartilage- consists of 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form anterior wall of larynx and give it a triangular shape, epiglottis- prevents food from entering the larynx and is attached to the root of the tongue, cricoid cartilage- connects the larynx and trachea and acts as base for larynx and is also a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms interior wall of larynx, paired arytenoid cartilage- triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage located at posterior and influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds, paired corniculate cartilage- located at apex of arytenoid cartilage and they help to support and stabilize your vocal folds, paired cuneiform cartilage- supports the vocal folds and lateral aspects of epiglottis

opening between the vocal cord in the larynx and it’s where sound is produced

high in larynx just below where the larynx and the esophagus split off from the pharynx and attached to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages

if pulled they vibrate faster and make higher pitch, if decreased tension they vibrate slower and produce lower pitch

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

primary bronchi- emerge from the trachea to go to the lungs, secondary bronchi- divide to each lung, tertiary bronchi- go into specific regions of the lung

mucosa- mucous secreting epithelium, submucosa- loose CT with abundant blood and lymphatic vessels, hyaline cartilage- provide flexibility to the tracheal pipe, adventitia- binds the trachea to adjacent structures

an internal ridge located at the junction of the two mainstem bronchi – a very sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

mucous membrane changes from ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium to non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium, C-rings of the trachea are replaced by plates of cartilage but eventually cartilage disappears completely in the bronchioles, as the amount of cartilage decreases the amount of smooth muscle increases

it lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

adhere tightly to the surface of the lungs themselves

space between the parietal and visceral pleura layers