chap 12 Heart

61問 • 2年前

MORALES, Chelsea Denise S.

通報

問題一覧

Keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity Prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases.

Pericardium / Pericardial sac

portion of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium

Parietal pericardium

the portion covering the heart surface

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

located between the visceral and parietal pericardia

Pericardial cavity

-thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells -Function: responsible for contraction of the heart chambers

Myocardium

the smooth inner layer of the heart chambers Function: allows blood to move easily through the heart

Endocardium

Function: primarily as reservoirs, where blood returning from veins collects before it enters the ventricles.

Atria

Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava.

Right Atrium

Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins

Left Atrium

separates right and left atria

Interatrial septum

Discharging/pumping chambers of the heart

ventricles

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery.

Right Ventricle

Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta.

Left Ventricle

Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars

Papillary muscles

separates right and left ventricles

Interventricular septum

thin, strong, connective tissue strings that attach papillary muscles to the free margins of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves.

Chordae tendineae

flap-like structures that ensure one-way flow of blood

HEART VALVES

They are located between the atria and the ventricles

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Mitral valve/bicuspid valve

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Tricuspid valve

flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced by fibers which prevent the valves from turning inside out. located between the aorta and the left ventricle between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.

SEMILUNAR VALVES

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta. between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aortic semilunar valve

carries blood from heart to lungs blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich Function: to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart.

Pulmonary circuit

drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper limbs)

Superior vena cava

drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs)

Inferior vena cava

drains blood from myocardium

coronary sinus

splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary trunk

carry blood away from heart to lungs

Pulmonary arteries

carries blood from heart to body tissues blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor Function: supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to all body organs.

Systemic circuit

4 openings that receive blood from lungs

Pulmonary veins

receives blood from pulmonary veins

Left atrium

opens into aorta thicker, contracts more forcefully

Left Ventricle

carries blood from left ventricle to body

Aorta

Supply blood to the wall of the heart Originate from the base of the aorta, just above the aortic semilunar valves

Coronary Arteries

originates on the left side of the aorta; supply much of theanterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle; has 3branches

Left coronary artery

lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus

anterior interventricular artery

around the coronary sulcus on the left to the posterior surface of the heart

circumflex artery extends

extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the left ventricle from the circumflex artery.

left marginal artery

originates on right side of the aorta supply blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle

Right coronary artery

lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus.

posterior interventricular artery

extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the right ventricle.

right marginal artery

Changes in the permeability of the cell membrane produce action potentials.

Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle

due mainly to opening of the voltage-gated Na+ channels

Depolarization

due to opened voltage- gated Ca2+ channels.

Plateau phase

at the end of the plateau phase - due to the opening of K+ channels for a brief period.

Repolarization

the period of time, in which the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time

Refractory period

contraction of atria and ventricles by cardiac muscle cells made up of sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Conduction System of Heart

produces action potentials that are propagated over the atria to the AV node.

SA node

conduct action potentials to the ventricles.

AV node and the atrioventricular bundle

conduct action potentials from the atrioventricular bundle through Purkinje fibers to the ventricular muscle.

Right and Left bundle branches

-normal pacemaker of the heart -located in the upper wall of the right atrium -cells of the SA node have more voltage-gated Ca2+ channels than do other areas of the heart. -if unable to function, another area, such as the AV node, becomes the pacemaker → to much slower than normal heart rate.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

results from an action potential that originates in an area of the heart other than the SA node

ectopic beat

record of electrical events within the heart

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

-the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset ofcardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction -Cardiac muscle contractions produce pressure changes within heart chambers. -Pressure changes are responsible for blood movement. -Blood moves from areas of high to low pressure.

Cardiac Cycle

contraction of the two atria

Atrial systole

contraction of the two ventricles

Ventricular systole

relaxation of the two atria

Atrial diastole

relaxation of the two ventricles

Ventricular diastole

has a lower pitch than the second; occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of the AV valves

Lubb

occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the semilunar valves

Dupp

abnormal heart sounds that are usually the result of faulty valves.

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問題一覧

Keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity Prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases.

Pericardium / Pericardial sac

portion of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium

Parietal pericardium

the portion covering the heart surface

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

located between the visceral and parietal pericardia

Pericardial cavity

-thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells -Function: responsible for contraction of the heart chambers

Myocardium

the smooth inner layer of the heart chambers Function: allows blood to move easily through the heart

Endocardium

Function: primarily as reservoirs, where blood returning from veins collects before it enters the ventricles.

Atria

Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava.

Right Atrium

Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins

Left Atrium

separates right and left atria

Interatrial septum

Discharging/pumping chambers of the heart

ventricles

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery.

Right Ventricle

Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta.

Left Ventricle

Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars

Papillary muscles

separates right and left ventricles

Interventricular septum

thin, strong, connective tissue strings that attach papillary muscles to the free margins of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves.

Chordae tendineae

flap-like structures that ensure one-way flow of blood

HEART VALVES

They are located between the atria and the ventricles

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Mitral valve/bicuspid valve

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Tricuspid valve

SEMILUNAR VALVES

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta. between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aortic semilunar valve

carries blood from heart to lungs blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich Function: to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart.

Pulmonary circuit

drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper limbs)

Superior vena cava

drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs)

Inferior vena cava

drains blood from myocardium

coronary sinus

splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary trunk

carry blood away from heart to lungs

Pulmonary arteries

carries blood from heart to body tissues blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor Function: supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to all body organs.

Systemic circuit

4 openings that receive blood from lungs

Pulmonary veins

receives blood from pulmonary veins

Left atrium

opens into aorta thicker, contracts more forcefully

Left Ventricle

carries blood from left ventricle to body

Aorta

Supply blood to the wall of the heart Originate from the base of the aorta, just above the aortic semilunar valves

Coronary Arteries

originates on the left side of the aorta; supply much of theanterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle; has 3branches

Left coronary artery

lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus

anterior interventricular artery

around the coronary sulcus on the left to the posterior surface of the heart

circumflex artery extends

extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the left ventricle from the circumflex artery.

left marginal artery

originates on right side of the aorta supply blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle

Right coronary artery

lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus.

posterior interventricular artery

extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the right ventricle.

right marginal artery

Changes in the permeability of the cell membrane produce action potentials.

Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle

due mainly to opening of the voltage-gated Na+ channels

Depolarization

due to opened voltage- gated Ca2+ channels.

Plateau phase

at the end of the plateau phase - due to the opening of K+ channels for a brief period.

Repolarization

the period of time, in which the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time

Refractory period

contraction of atria and ventricles by cardiac muscle cells made up of sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Conduction System of Heart

produces action potentials that are propagated over the atria to the AV node.

SA node

conduct action potentials to the ventricles.

AV node and the atrioventricular bundle

conduct action potentials from the atrioventricular bundle through Purkinje fibers to the ventricular muscle.

Right and Left bundle branches

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

results from an action potential that originates in an area of the heart other than the SA node

ectopic beat

record of electrical events within the heart

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Cardiac Cycle

contraction of the two atria

Atrial systole

contraction of the two ventricles

Ventricular systole

relaxation of the two atria

Atrial diastole

relaxation of the two ventricles

Ventricular diastole

has a lower pitch than the second; occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of the AV valves

Lubb

occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the semilunar valves

Dupp

abnormal heart sounds that are usually the result of faulty valves.

Murmurs