components are produced in the nucleolus. organelles where proteins are produced.

contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell. - divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions is called

is a process that that brings materials into cell using vesicles.

involves messenger RNA being used to produce a protein. - occurs in the cell cytoplasm after mRNA has exited the nucleus through the nuclear pores.

uses the energy provided by a concentration gradient established by the active transport of one substance

the chromosomes in each of the daughter cells become organized to form two separate nuclei, one in each newly formed daughter cell.

involved in the process of mitosis. -organazing microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system

responsible for producing considerable amounts of ATP by aerobic (with O2) metabolism. - They have inner and outer membranes separated by a space. - The outer membranes have a smooth contour, but the inner membranes have numerous folds, called cristae, which project into the interior of the mitochondria.

the chromatids separate and each chromatid is called a chromosome.

structures formed from protein subunits.

has much smaller vesicles formed, and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

may be placed in solutions that are either hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic compared to the cell cytoplasm.

has no attached ribosomes and is a site for lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, and it stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells.

it is the model used to describe the cell membrane structure.

large organelle usually located near the center of the cell. bounded by a nuclear envelope, which consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow space between them.

small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape. - in muscle cells enable the cells to shorten, or contract.

A cell immersed in an isotonic solution has the same solute concentrations inside and outside the cell.

small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

does not require the cell to expend energy. it include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

involves copying DNA into messenger RNA. - DNA determines the structure of mRNA

the chromosomes align near the center of the cell. - The movement of the chromosomes is regulated by the attached spindle fibers.

gives internal framework to the cell. - It consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape. - These protein structures are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

jelly-like substance that holds organelles

-have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell. - Sperm cells each have one flagellum, which propels the sperm cell. -assist the cell in movement

occurs when a specific substance binds to the receptor molecule and is transported into the cell.

specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments. - They do not actively move as cilia and flagella do. -numerous on cells that have them and they increase the surface area of those cells. - They are abundant on the surface of cells that line the intestine, kidney, and other areas in which absorption is an important function.

route of transport through the membrane depends on the size, shape, and charge of the substance.

solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell

depends on the difference of solution concentrations inside a cell relative to outside the cell.

is generally composed of two major parts, solutes and the solvent.

specialized structures in cells that perform

involves movement of substances in a solution down a concentration gradient.

Smallest units of life - Cell metabolism and energy use - Synthesis of molecules - Communication - Reproduction and inheritance

series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.

steeper when the concentration difference is large and/or the distance is small.

a structure that encloses the cytoplasm

allows only certain substances to pass in and out of the cell.

has a polar head region that is hydrophilic and a nonpolar tail region that is hydrophobic.

The cytoplasm of a cell in a hypertonic solution has a lower solute concentration and higher

involves the use of membrane-bound sacs called secretory vesicles that accumulate materials for release from the cell.

the outermost component of a cell. - It forms a boundary between material in inside the cell and the outside.

surface of certain cells. responsible for the movement of materials over the top of cells, such as mucus.

consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs. - It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.

does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. include active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments. - provide mechanical support to the cell.

is the diffusion of water (a solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

the chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.