Lesson 123

通報

問題一覧

UNESCO meaning

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children

UNICEF

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

WHO meaning

World Health Organization

According to_______, a child is generally defined as a person below the age of 18 years, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. An adolescent is defined as an individual between the ages of 10 and 19. This period represents a transition from childhood to adulthood and encompasses significant physical, emotional, and social changes.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children

_______ defines a child as anyone under the age of 18. ______ work is guided by the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which aims to protect children’s rights and promote their well-being. For ________, an adolescent is a person aged 10 to 19 years. This definition highlights the unique needs and challenges faced by adolescents during this developmental stage.

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

The ____________ defines a child as a person from birth up to the age of 18 years. _________defines adolescents as individuals in the 10 to 19 yearage group. _______ emphasizes the importance of this stage in development, recognizing the profound physical, psychological, and social transitions that occur.

World Health Organization

A "_______" is generally defined as a personfrom birth up to 18 years old, encompassing early and middle childhood where foundational development occurs.

Child

In contrast, "_________" refers to individuals aged 10-19 years, a period marked by significant transitional changes as they progress from childhood into adulthood.

Adolescent

May be defined as a quantitative increase in size or mass or physical changes that occur in an individual overtime,such as increases in height, weight, and other bodily dimensions.It is a measurable and often predictable process that typically follows a set pattern from infancy through adulthood.

Growth

on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of changes, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social maturation. Development involves the progression and improvement of skills, abilities, and behaviors that enable an individual to function more effectively in their environment. It includes milestones such as language acquisition, emotional regulation, social interactions, and problem-solving abilities.

Development

is a lifelong process of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and behavioral change. It also describes the comprehensive process of how individuals evolve from infancy through adulthood, shaped by both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture).

Human growth and development

The term "nature vs. nurture" was first introduced by psychologist________

Sir Francis Galton in 1869

refers to genes or hereditary factors, which are commonly seen in appearance and characteristics. These genetic factors shape physical traits like eye color and height, as well as predispositions to certain behaviors and mental health conditions.

Nature

on the other hand, implies environmental variables such as upbringing, socio-emotional relationships, and the surrounding culture. This includes the influence of parental guidance, educational experiences, social interactions, and cultural norms.

Nurture

Core beliefs: Certain traits and behaviors are innate and occur naturally apart from environmental influences. Key concept: Innate characteristics, evolution, inheritance, genetic traits from ancestors parents individuals and uniqueness

Nativism by Plato and Descartes

Core beliefs: The mind begins as a blank slate, with no innate ideas. Knowledge and behavior are determined by experiences and environmental stimuli. Key Concept: Tabula rasa, knowledge from environmental influence. experience,

Empiricism (Tabula rasa) by John Locke

Core beliefs: Most characteristics and behaviors result from learning and conditioning. Regardless of genetic. background, behavior can be shaped by environmental stimuli. Key concept: Conditioning, learned, behaviors, environmental influence.

Behaviorism by John B. Watson and Empiricists

Core beliefs: Both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) work together to influence development. There is an interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Key Concept: Interaction of nature and nurture, modulation of genes by environment, combined influence on development.

Contemporary Views by Modern Psychologist and Researchers

-Development is influenced by both heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). -The nature (heredity) is responsible for many of our physical characteristics such as hair,. and eye color, facial features and to some extent the height and weight. -Many of our characteristics can be influenced by environment (nurture).

Nature and Nurture

-As a child develops, he or she adds to the skill already acquired and the new skills become the basis for further achievement and mastery of skills. -Most children follow a similar pattern. -Also, one stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage of development.

Growth and Development is a continuous process

This is the principle of proximodistal development that also describes the direction of development. This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward

-This is called the cephalocaudle principle. -This principle describes a direction of growth and development. -According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms and then the legs.

Development proceeds from head downward

Development proceeds from the head downward. This is called?

Cephalocaudle principle

This is the principle of ____________that also describes the direction of development.

Proximodistal development

-Maturation refers to the sequential characteristics of biological growth and development. -The biological changes occur in sequential order and give children new abilities. Changes in the brain and nervous system account largely for maturation.

Development depends on maturation and learning

-Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. For example, learning relationships between things (how things are similar) or classification is an important ability in cognitive development.

Development proceeds from simple (concrete) to more complex

-In motor development, the infant will be able to grasp an object with whole hand before using the thumb and forefinger. -The infant's first motor movements are very generalized, undirected and reflexive, waving arms or kicking before being able to reach or creep toward an object. -Growth occurs from large muscle movements to more refined movements to more refined (smaller) muscle movements

Growth and Development proceed from general to specific

Each child is different and the rates at which individual children grow is different. Although, the patterns and sequences for growth and development are usually the same for all children, the rates at which individual children reach developmental stages will be different.

There are individual rates of growth and development

Two types of Approaches in human development

Traditional Approach, Life-span Approach

8 Principles of growth and development

Nature and nurture, Growth and development is a continuous process, Development proceeds from head downward, Development proceeds from the center of the body outward, Development depends on maturation and learning, Development proceeds from simple (concrete) to more complex, Growth and development proceed from general to specific, There are individual rates of growth and development

Focus: The _________ to human development focuses primarily on the early stages of life, particularly childhood and adolescence (Okojie & Aibieyi, 2010). It emphasizes that the most significant developmental changes occur from birth through adolescence, with adulthood seen as a period of stability and decline. Key Concepts: • Developmental Emphasis: Major developmental milestones, such as physical growth, cognitive development, and socialization, are believed to occur primarily during childhood and adolescence. • Stability in Adulthood: In this approach, adulthood is often viewed as a time when development plateaus, with little emphasis on growth or change beyond early adulthood. • Aging as Decline: The later stages of life are seen largely as periods of decline in physical and cognitive abilities. Example: In traditional psychology and education, significant focus is placed on childhood and adolescent development, such as in Piaget's stages of cognitive development or Freud's psychosexual stages, with less attention given to adult development.

Traditional approach

Focus: The ____________ to human development considers growth and change as ongoing processes that occur throughout the entire life (Overton, 2003). This approach emphasizes that development does not stop after adolescence but continues through adulthood and old age, with both gains and losses occurring at different stages. Key Concepts: Continuous Development: Development seen as a lifelong process, with significant changes occurring in all stages, from infancy to old age (Santrock, 2002). • Multidimensionality: Development is multidimensional, involving physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout life (Santrock, 2002). • Plasticity: Individuals have the potential for change throughout their lives, meaning that development can be shaped by experiences at any age (Santrock, 2002). • Contextual Influence: The life-span approach emphasizes the role of context- such as culture, socio-economic status, and historical period-in influencing development across the lifespan (Santrock, 2002). • Developmental Gains and Losses: Recognizes that development includes both gains (such as increased wisdom or knowledge) and losses (such as physical decline) at different stages of life (Santrock, 2002). Example: Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, which outlines eight stages of development that span from infancy to old age, is a classic example of the life-span approach. Similarly, research on adult development, such as studies on career changes or cognitive aging, reflects this approach

Life-span Approach

Traditional Approach key concepts

Developmental Emphasis, Stability in Adulthood, Aging as Decline

Life-Span Approach

Continuous development, Multidimensionality, Plasticity, Contextual influence, Developmental gains and losses

According to Traditional approach major developmental milestones, such as physical growth, cognitive development, and socialization, are believed to occur primarily during childhood and adolescence.

Developmental Emphasis

according to Traditional approach, adulthood is often viewed as a timewhen development plateaus, with little emphasis on growth or change beyondearly adulthood.

Stability in Adulthood

According to traditional approach the later stages of life are seen largely as periods of decline in physical and cognitive abilities.

Aging as Decline

According to Life-span approach development is seen as a lifelong process, with significant changes occurring in all stages, from infancy to old age

Continuous Development

According to Life-span approach development is ________, involving physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout life

Multidimensional

According to Life-span approach individuals have the potential for change throughout their lives, meaning that development can be shaped by experiences at any age

Plasticity

The life-span approach emphasizes the role of context— such as culture, socio-economic status, and historical period—in influencing development across the lifespan

Contextual Influence

According to life-span approach recognizes that development includes both gains (such as increased wisdom or knowledge) and losses (such as physical decline) at different stages of life

Developmental gains and losses

refer to distinct stages in human growth and development, each characterized by specific physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. These periods provide a framework for understanding how individuals evolve from infancy to old age

Periods of Development

The zygote undergoes rapid cell division and implants in the uterine wall.

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks)

Formation of major organs and structures such as the heart, brain, and spinal cord. This stage is critical as the foundations for all body systems are established.

Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)

Extensive growth and maturation of body systems. The fetus develops movements, and sensory systems begin to function. By the end of this stage, the fetus is prepared for birth.

Fetal stage (9 weeks to birth)

PhysicalDevelopment: Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): The zygote undergoes rapid cell division and implantsin the uterine wall. Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks): Formation of major organs and structures such as the heart, brain, and spinal cord. This stage is critical as the foundations for all body systems are established. Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth): Extensive growth and maturation of body systems. The fetus develops movements, and sensory systems begin to function. By the end of this stage, the fetus is prepared for birth. Cognitive Development: Early brain development sets the stage for postnatal cognitive growth. Neural connections start forming, and basic reflexes emerge. Emotional/Social Development: The fetus can respond to external stimuli such as the mother's voice and touch, which are the initial steps towards social interaction.

Prenatal period (Conception to birth)

Physical Development: Rapid physical growth in height and weight. Development of gross motor skills like sitting, crawling, and walking, as well as fine motor skills such as grasping objects. Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor stage (Piaget) Infants learn about the world through their senses and actions. Key milestones include object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight) and basic problem- solving skills. Emotional/Social Development: Development of strong attachments to caregivers, which is crucial for emotional security. Infants begin to express a range of emotions and start social interactions through smiling, crying, and imitating.

Infancy (Birth to 2 years)

Physical Development: Continued growth and refinement of motor skills. Children become more coordinated and develop abilities like running, jumping, and drawing. Cognitive Development: Preoperational stage (Piaget) Characterized by symbolic thinking, language development, and imaginative play. However, thinking is still egocentric and not yet logical. Emotional/Social Development: Development of self- concept and gender identity. Children learn to interact with peers, follow rules, and develop empathy and understanding of others' feelings.

Early Childhood (2-6 years)

Physical Development: Steady physical growth. Improvements in strength, coordination, and fine motor skills. The onset of puberty begins towards the end of this period. Cognitive Development: Concrete operational stage (Piaget) Logical thinking develops, enabling children to perform mental operations and understand conservation, classification, and seriation. Emotional/Social Development: Increased importance of peer relationships and group activities. Development of self-esteem, moral understanding, and a sense of competence in school and other activities.

Middle childhood (6-12 years)

Physical Development: Puberty brings significant physical changes, including growth spurts, sexual maturation, and development of secondary sexual characteristics. Cognitive Development: Formal operational stage (Piaget) - Development of abstract, hypothetical, and systematic thinking. Adolescents can think about possibilities, future planning, and complex problem- solving. Emotional/Social Development: Exploration of identity, increased desire for independence, and strong influence of peer relationships. Adolescents may experience emotional instability but gradually develop a more stable self- concept

Adolescence (12-18 years)

Physical Development: Peak physical performance is reached, followed by a gradual decline. Physical health is generally good, but lifestyle choices can impact long-term health. Cognitive Development: Cognitive abilities remain strong. Focus shifts to practical problem-solving, career development, and building expertise. Emotional/Social Development: Establishing intimate relationships, pursuing career goals, and starting a family. Development of personal and social identity continues.

Early adulthood (18-40 years)

Physical Development: Noticeable physical aging, such as reduced muscle mass, changes in vision and hearing, and menopause for women. Health issues may start to emerge. Cognitive Development: Continued cognitive abilities, with a peak in problem-solving and expertise in various fields. Some cognitive slowing may occur, but overall intelligence remains stable. Emotional/Social Development: Focus on career achievement, maintaining relationships, and contributing to the next generation. Reflecting on life accomplishments and coping with aging.

Middle adulthood (40-65 years)

Physical Development: Increased physical decline, including decreased mobility, strength, and sensory abilities. Health challenges and chronic conditions are common. Cognitive Development: Potential for cognitive decline, including memory loss and reduced processing speed. However, many individuals maintain significant cognitive function and gain wisdom. Emotional/Social Development: Retirement brings lifestyle changes, Individuals reflect on their lives, cope with losses, and maintain social connections. Importance of mental and emotional well- being increases.

Late adulthood (65 years and beyond)

Personal development

Personal development

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