PE 103

91問 • 2年前

問題一覧

are produced in endocrine glands from which they are transported through blood to the target cells

Hormones

 functions through neurons that go directly to a location releasing a chemical signal.

Nervous system

fined as all tissues or glands that secrete hormones.  release chemical signal to the entire body throughout the blood  responds slowly but has longer-lasting effects.  endocrine glands typically secretes their hormones directly into the blood where they act as chemical signals throughout the body.

Endocrine system

cell that possess specific hormone receptors.

Target cells

have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol, since most are derived from cholesterol.  lipid soluble  can pass through cell membranes

Steroid hormones

the adrenal cortex secretes

cortisol and aldosterone

the ovaries secretes

estrogen and progesterone

the testes secretes

testosterone

placenta secretes

estrogen and progesterone

not lipid soluble  they cannot easily cross cell membranes

non steroid hormones

nonsteroidal hormones

protein or peptide hormones

two hormones produced by thyroid glands are (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and the two from adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine

Amino acids

includes glands that are located in the front of the body, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland.

Anterior pituitary

includes glands that are located in the back of the body, such as the adrenal glands and the pancreas.

posterior pituitary

it is a small region of the brain that is located just above the brainstem tells other glands/organs to do the work  produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

it is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus  it releases a bunch of stuff  produces hormones that regulate the function of other glands in the body

Pituitary gland

made up of amino acids and are found in foods such as fish, meat, eggs, beans, and nuts.  proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then used to build and repair tissues in the body.

protein

found in foods such as bread, rice, pasta, fruits, and vegetables.  carbohydrates are broken down by the body into glucose, which is used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

carbohydrates

found in foods such as oils, butter, nuts, and fatty fish.  fats are broken down by the body into fatty acids, which are used for energy or stored in adipose tissue for future use.  fats also play a role in the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals, as well as the production of hormones

fats

refers to the regulation of physiological processes in the body by hormones, which are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

hormonal control

also known as ''Epinephrine''  released from the adrenal glands in response to physical nor emotional stress, and it has a number of effects on the body during exercise

Adrenaline

it is produced by adrenal glands and is released in response to stress.  helps to mobilize energy stores in the bod, including glucose and fatty acids, and it also helps to reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair

Cortisol

produced by pancreas and helps to regulate blood sugar levels.

insulin

produced by pituitary gland and is involved in the growth and repair of tissue in the body.

growth hormone

produced by testes in males.  helps to build and maintain muscle mass.

testosterone

is a muscular organ that is located in the chest cavity, behind the sternum and between the lungs.

heart

what are the four Chambers of heart

the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle,

tricuspid valve

separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

mitral valve

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery,

pulmonary valve

separates the left ventricle from the aorta.

aortic valve

are thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and organs.

arteries

are thin-walled blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues and organs back to the hear

veins

are the smallest blood vessels in the body and are responsible for exchanging nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues.

capillaries

a specialized fluid that circulates through the cardiovascular system and is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

blood

is a yellowish fluid that makes up about 55% of blood volume.

plasma

are the most abundant cells in the blood, making up about 45% of blood volume.

red blood cells

are cells of the immune system that help defend the body against infection and disease.

white blood cells

are small, disk-shaped cells that help stop bleeding by forming blood clots.

platelets

Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from the body's cells and tissues.

transportation

Blood helps regulate body temperature, pH balance, and water balance in the body.

regulation

Blood contains white blood cells and antibodies that help protect the body against infection and disease, and platelets that help prevent excessive bleeding.

protection

The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and tissues.

delivering oxygen and nutrient cell

The cardiovascular system is also responsible for removing waste products from the body's tissues and organs.

removing waste product

The cardiovascular system is also responsible for removing waste products from the body's tissues and organs.

removing waste product

The cardiovascular system helps to regulate body temperature by controlling blood flow to the body's tissues.

Maintaining body temperature

The cardiovascular system plays a role in immune system function by transporting white blood cells and antibodies throughout the body.

assisting in immune system function

system is responsible for regulating many of the body's involuntary functions, including those of the cardiovascular system.

autonomic nervous system

responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, which is activated during times of stress or danger.

sympathetic nervous system

on the other hand, is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response

parasympathetic nervous system

is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume.

Anglotesin ll

is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands and helps to regulate salt and water balance in the body

Aldosterone

is a hormone that is produced by the heart in response to high blood volume

Atrial natriuretic peptide

also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume.

vasopressin

such as pH, carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2), can influence blood flow by affecting the dilation or constriction of blood vessels.

Metabolic factors

such as nitric oxide and endothelin, can also influence blood flow and vessel diameter

Endothelial factors

works with the circulatory system to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. It also helps to regulate pH(potential hydrogen) of the blood (7.35-7.45).

respiratory system

the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells.

respiration

Every 3 to 5 seconds, nerve impulses stimulate the breathing process, or ventilation, which moves air through a series of passages into and out of the lungs. After this, there is an exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. This is called

External respiration

he blood transports the gases to and from the tissue cells. The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is

internal respiration

Finally, the cells utilize the oxygen for their specific activities: this is called

cellular respiration

is large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs .

diagprham

in the nucleus tractus solitarius,

dorsal respiratory group

the_________________________ in the medulla,

ventral respiratory group

the __________________________ in the pons.

pontine respiratory group

is the primary respiratory control center. Its main function is to send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur

medulla oblongata

is mainly inspiratory( breathing in)

dorsal respiratory group

is primarily expiratory( breathing out)

ventral medullary group

(neural network responsible for inspiration during the respiration activity

preBötzinger complex

are responsible for modulating the intensity and frequency of the medullary signals

pontine groupings

increases respiratory rate) limiting inspiration

pneumotaxic group

prolonging and encouraging inhalation.

apneustic centers

60 to 80 beats per minutes (BPM)  can range 28 BPM to above 100 BPM  tends to decrease with age and increased cardiovascular fitness  is affected by environmental conditions such as altitude and temperature

resting heart rate

The highest heart rate value one can achieve in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion  Can be estimated HR max = 220 - age in years  Remains constant day to day and changes slightly from year to year.

maximum heart rate

Heart rate plateau reached during constant rate of submaximal work  Optimal heart rate for meeting circulatory demands at that rate of wo

steady state heart rate

is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

stroke volume

Resting value is approximately 5.0 L/min  Increases directly increasing exercise intensity to 20 to 40 L/mn  Value of increase varies with body size and endurance conditioning  When exercise intensity exceeds 60%, further increases in Q are more a result of increases in HR than SV

Cardiac output

progressive increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume that begins after approximately 10 min of prolonged moderate-intensity exercise, is associated with decreased maximal oxygen uptake, particularly during heat stress.

cardiovascular drift

Gradual decrease in stroke volume and systematic and pulmonary arterial pressures and an increase in heart rate. Occurres with steady state prolonged exercise or exercise in a hot environment.

cardiovascular drift

is a measure of the force blood exudes on the arterial wall during the heat's contraction

blood pressure

pumping phase known as

systole

relaxation known as

diastole

Pressure is usually measured noninvasively with a

sphygmomanometer

normal rate of blood

120 80

pre-hypertensive

129/80-139/89

hypertensive

140 90

During exercise, more blood is sent to the active skeletal muscles, and as body temperature increases, more blood is sent to the skin.

blood changes during exercise

decreases during exercise due to water being drawn from the blood plasma and out of the body as sweat.

blood plasma volume

is the shortness of breath and the feeling that you can't get enough air into your lungs.

dyspnea

that's when you inhale much deeper and take much faster breaths than normal.

hyperventilation

a breathing technique to trap and pressurized air in the lungs, it can reduce the cardiac output.

valsalva maneuver

Humm 1

Rod Laurence Sombilon · 94問 · 2年前

Humm 1