Ethics

75問 • 2年前

問題一覧

what is the etymologica definition of philosophy?

Philosophy comes from two Greek words, philo and sophia philo – means love sophia – means wisdom Therefore, philosophy means love of wisdom. A philosopher is a lover of wisdom.

what is the real definition of philosophy

- Philosophy is a search for the meaning of life

is of real value to the one who searches for it.

the object

his attention, concentration, interest, effort

consumes

It is ______________out until (a) the answer to his search is found, or (b) the answer is not yet found, but the conviction is reached that for the moment at least this is the best possible although still imperfect answer.

continued without backing out

what does the homo viator means

man as a traveler

People experience a sense of____&____

moral obligation and accountability

actions like rape, torture, and child abuse are not just socially unacceptable behavior but are moral abominations. [William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1994, p. 124.] Even Darwinist Michael Ruse admits, “The man who says it is morally acceptable to rape little children is just as mistaken as the man who says 2+2=5.

Moral values and moral absolutes exist

When we accept the existence of goodness, we must affirm a moral law on the basis of which to differentiate between good and evil. C.S. Lewis (The Case for Christianity) demonstrates the existence of a moral law by pointing to men who quarrel-- the man who makes remarks is not just saying that the other man's behavior does not happen to please him but is rather appealing to some kind of standard of behavior that he expects the other man to know about

moral law therefore exist

also called Law of Nature because early philosophers thought that generally speaking, everybody knows it by nature. [

moral law is known to humans

there is a real right and real wrong that is universally and immutably true, independent of whether anyone believes it or not.

morality is objective

Moral judgments are different from mere expressions of personal preference—they require backing by reasons, and in the absence of such reasons, they are merely arbitrary

moral must be supported by reason

refers to the standards or norms that an individual or group holds concerning good and evil, what constitutes right and wrong behavior.

morality

is the inquiry into, or the investigation of, the subject matter of morality, or the study of how we are to act in morally good ways.

ethics

is to develop a body of moral standards on which we can draw to help us respond to the many moral challenges we face.

the goal of ethics

Ethos means

characteristics way of acting

ethics is moral philosophy which relies solely on human reason to investigate truths. Moral theology on the other hand, employs reason insofar as it is enlightened by faith or divine revelation.

classical tradition

ethics takes the form of Value Education.

contemporary curriculum

is something a person prizes, cherishes, and esteems as important to him. It includes ideas, things, or experiences.

value

Matter is the only reality.

atheistic approach

God is the Supreme Creator and Lawgiver.

theistic approach

Man is free and must use his freedom to promote his personal and social interests along with his fellowmen.

theistic approach

. Man is matter and does not have spiritual dimension.

atheistic approach

Man has an immortal soul which cannot die

theistic approach

Man is free and must exercise his freedom to promote the welfare of the society.

atheistic approach

There is no life after death.

atheistic approach

Man is accountable only to the State

atheistic approach

. Man is accountable for his actions, both good and evil.

theistic approach

is a system of beliefs and practices based on faith or revelation. It provides both the direction and motivation for the moral life of people.

religion

requires that we perform the required action regardless of our feelings towards such action.is concerned with the externality of the act. is definitely concerned with what we do, not with what we feel

law

are those actions which man performs knowingly, freely and voluntarily.

Human acts

It must be performed by a conscious agent who is aware of what he is doing and of its consequences.

knowledge

. It must be performed by an agent who is acting freely, that is, by his own volition and powers.

freedom

It must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act.

Voluntary

are those actions happened in man. They are instinctive and are not within the control of the will. Such actions are the biological and physiological movements in man such as, metabolism, respiration, fear, anger, love and jealousy.

acts of man

are those performed by the will and are not bodily externalized.

Elicited acts

is the simple love of anything; the first tendency of the will towards a thing, whether this thing be realizable or not.

wish

is the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable, whether the thing is actually done or not.

intention

is the acceptance by the will of the means to carry out intention. It is a further intention of doing what is necessary to realize the first or main intention.

consent

is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed (consented to) in carrying out an intention.

Election

the employment by the will of powers (of body, mind, or both) to carry out its intention by the means elected.

use

is the enjoyment of a thing willed and done; the will’s act of satisfaction in intention fulfilled.

Fruition

are those done either by man’s mental or bodily powers under the command of the will.

Comanded acts

are conscious reasoning, recalling something, encouraging oneself, controlling aroused emotions

internal actions

are deliberate walking, eating, dancing, dancing, laughing,

External actions

involve the employment of bodily powers and mental powers.

Mixed actions

are those actions which are in conformity with the norm of morality. They are good actions and are permissible.

moral action

are those actions which are not in conformity with the norm of morality. They are bad or evil and are not permissible.

immoral action

are those actions which stand neutral in relation to the norm of morality. They are neither good nor bad in themselves.

amoral action

is present in a person who fully knows and fully intends an act.

perfect voluntariness

is present in a person who acts without fully realizing what he means to do, or without fully intending the act.

imperfect voluntariness

present in a person who is forced by circumstances beyond his control to perform an act which he would not do under normal conditions.

conditional voluntariness

is present in a person doing an act willfully, regardless of whether he likes to do it or not.

simple voluntariness

is when an act requires the performance of an activity.

positive voluntariness

is when an act requires the omission of an activity.

negative voluntariness

is that voluntariness which, in the judgment of prudence and common sense, would be actually present if opportunity or ability for it were given.

imperative voluntariness

accompanies an act which is primarily intended by the doer, either as an end in itself or as a means to achieve something else.

direct voluntariness

accompanies an act or situation which is the mere result of a directly willed act.

indirect voluntariness

an end is that towards which an action tends. Every human activity tends towards the direction of an end which in the last result, is the good that perfects some faculties.

end

it is the natural termination of an activity.

end of the act

– it is the purpose that the agent has in mind.

end of the agent

it is an immediate end on account of which an action is immediately performed.

proximate

it is that which the agent wishes to achieve later on, and toward the attainment of which he employs the present act as a means.

remote

it is a subordinate end sought for the attainment of another end.

intermediate

it is on account of which other ends or means are sought. It is willed for its own sake.

Ultimate

It has varied shades of meaning. - It is that which fits a function. (Aristotle)

good

are those that fit the natural needs of man as man. Such goods include food, shelter, health, life.

essential good

are those that fit the wants of an individual because of his circumstance. Such include money, car, good name, degree, power, luxury, etc.

accidental good

are those that fit the wants of an individual because of his circumstance. Such include money, car, good name, degree, power, luxury, etc.

accidental good

is something which has an intrinsic value. We call it “value” because it possesses qualities rendering it fitting or desirable.

real good

is actually an evil thing but is viewed as “good” under certain circumstance. Examples are: diseases, sadness, death, worry, crimes, etc.

apparent good

is that which contributes to the integral perfection of a person, such as: education, virtue, food, exercise, medicine.

perfective good

good is that which merely contributes to the external appearance or convenience of a person such as: clothes, wealth, social status, political power, etc.

non perfective

unlimited goods) has the fullness of qualities enabling it to fully satisfy human desire. Example is God.

perfect good

possesses only certain qualities so that it does not fully satisfy human desire except in a relative or limited sense. Example is all earthly goods.

imperfect good

Humm 1

Rod Laurence Sombilon · 94問 · 2年前

Humm 1