PE 103

93問 • 2年前

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activity requiring physical effort, carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness

Exercise

is the study of how the human body works. It describes the chemistry and physics behind basic body functions, from how molecules behave in cells to how systems of organs work together.

Physiology

It is the study of the body’s responses to physical activity. These responses include changes in metabolism and in physiology of different areas of the body like the heart, lungs, and muscles, and structural changes in cells.

Exercise Physiology

The word exercise comes from the Latin exercitus,

to drive forth

physiology comes from the words physis

nature

what logia means?

study

what are the types of exercise physiology

clinical physiology and sports physiology

is, as its name suggests, related to athletes. use knowledge of the body’s response to exercise in order to develop training regimens for athletes.

sports exercise physiology

is the use of physical activity for therapy, treatment, and prevention of chronic diseases. One disease that can be aided by exercise is diabetes. Exercise uses the body’s stored glucose, so a diabetic may use exercise to help keep their blood sugar levels down.

clinical exercise physiology

what are the benefits of physical exercise

 Maintaining physical fitness including healthy weight  Building and maintaining healthy bones, muscles and joints  Promoting psychological well-being.  Reducing surgical risks  Strengthening the immune system

what are the types of exercise

aerobic anaerobic and flexibility

These are exercises performed to improve the range of motion of muscles and joints.

Flexibility

Rhythmic in nature, uses large muscle groups and can be maintained continuously. Here the working muscles draw on oxygen in the blood as well as fat and glucose to increase cardiovascular endurance (causes the heart to work harder than at rest) and muscle density.

Aerobic

Involves intense or explosive sports or strenuous activity that leaves one gasping for breath.

Anaerobic

SCOPE: Deals with such areas as:

 cardio-respiratory responses to exercise  muscle fiber types  metabolism and body composition assessment

Always consider the number of aerobic exercise sessions per week.

frequency

To be effective aerobic exercises should be done in moderate intensity, that is, are heart rate should be 60-80% of our maximum heart rate.

intensity

More time spent doing aerobic exercises means more calories burned and an increase in endurance.

Time

It is also important to try different exercises and activities to improve heart rate and avoid boredom.

types

These are the sudden, temporary changes in function caused by exercise. These functional changes disappear shortly after the exercise period is over.

Responses

These are the persistent changes in structure or function following training that apparently enables the body to withstand repeated bouts of exercise.

adaptation

are the largest soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system

Muscle

Muscle is derived from the Latin word “musculus” meaning

little mouse

contains protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing contractions that move body parts, including internal organs.

muscle fiber muscle cell

There are about_________muscles in the human body

600

the specialised tissue that is attached to bones and allows movement.

skeletal muscle

Together, skeletal muscles and bones are called the________________ (also known as the locomotor system).

musculoskeletal system

Skeletal muscles are under our conscious control, which is why they are also known as

voluntary muscle

located in various internal structures including the digestive tract, uterus and blood vessels such as arteries.

smooth muscle

the muscle specific to the heart. The heart contracts and relaxes without our conscious awareness.

cardiac muscle

An individual muscle is called a

muscle fiber

-A muscle fiber is enclosed by plasma membrane called

sarcolemma

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called

sarcoplasm

Within the sarcoplasm, the___________ allow transport of substances throughout the muscle fiber and the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ___________.

T-tubules and calcium

are made-up of sarcomeres, the smallest functional units of a muscle.

myofibril

is composed of filaments of two proteins, myosin and actin which are responsible for muscle contraction.

sarcomere

is a thick filament with a globular head at one end

myosin

composed of actin, tropomyosin and troponin, is attached to a Z-disk.

An actin filament

A motor neuron releases

acetylcholine

The action potential triggers release of

Ca²

When myosin cross bridges are activated ,they bind strongly with actin, resulting in a change in a cross bridge.

The sliding filament theory

Muscle action is initiated by a nerve pulse. –The nerve releases ACh which allows sodium to enter and depolarize the cell. If the cell is sufficiently depolarized, an action potential occurs, which releases stored Ca² ions.

muscle fiber contraction

is inserted into the muscle to take sample

hallow needle

is a medical procedure in which a small piece of muscle tissue is removed for examination under a microscope.

Muscle Biopsy

is a photograph taken with a microscope that shows details of microscopic structures, such as muscle fibers.

Photomicrograph

muscle fibers are also known as slow-twitch fibers, and they are characterized by their ability to contract slowly and generate low force.

Type 1

muscle fibers are also known as fast-twitch oxidative fibers, and they have intermediate characteristics between type I and type IIb fibers.

Type 2 A

muscle fibers are also known as fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, and they are characterized by their ability to contract rapidly and generate high force.

type 2 b

The difference in force development between type l and type ll motor units is due to the

number of muscle fiber per motor unit

ATPase in_________fibers acts faster, providing energy for muscle action more quickly than ATPase in ___________.

type 2 and type 1

fibers have a more developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, enhancing calcium delivery.

type 2

fibers have high aerobic endurance and are suited to low intensity endurance activities.

type 1

fibers are better for anaerobic or explosive activities.

type 1

are prime movers, they’re responsible for the movement

Agonists

oppose the agonists to prevent from overstretching of them

Antagonists

assist the agonists and sometimes fine tune the direction of movement.

synergists

This type of muscle action occurs when a muscle shortens as it contracts against resistance. The force generated by the muscle is greater than the external resistance, resulting in the muscle overcoming the resistance and shortening.

concentric contraction

This type of muscle action occurs when a muscle lengthens as it contracts against resistance.

Eccentric contraction

This type of muscle action occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length.

isometric or static contraction

involved in movement can be classified as agonists, antagonist and synergists.

muscle

affects amount of force produced.

speed of action

Fats contribute of our energy of how many percentage

20-35

carbohydrates contribute in our energy of how many percentage

45-65

Protein contributes in our energy of how many percentage

Fluid contributes energy in our body of how many percentage

Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in mammals. In humans the majority of glycogen is stored in skeletal muscles (500 g) and the liver (100g).

Muscle carbohydrate stores (glycogen)

the main sugar found in your blood. It is your body’s primary source of energy. It comes from the food that you eaten. Your body break down most of that food into glucose and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood glucose goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.

Blood sugar

are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood

Blood fatty acids

Intramuscular fat is located inside skeletal muscle fibers. It is stored in lipid droplets that exist in close proximity to the mitochondria, where it serves as an energy store that can be used during exercise.

Intramuscular Triacylglycerol

what are the fuel of exercises

• Protein • Fats • Carbohydrates • Fluids

can be used by the body for fuel or for anabolic processes. Anabolic processes are those that build up the body,

Protein

is the major fuel for light-intensity to moderate-intensity exercise, such as jogging, hiking, dance, cycling, and recreational swimming

Fat

are the main source of fuel for athletes, especially those participating in endurance sports.

carbohydrates

intake is a crucial part of our diet that is often overlooked due to its lack of “substance”.

fluids

The nervous system as a whole is divided into two subdivisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

the organization of nervous system

The brain and spinal cord are the organs of the________________. Because they are so vitally important, the brain and spinal cord, located in the dorsal body cavity, are encased in bone for protection.

central nervous system

Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers, much like muscles are bundles of muscle fibers. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves extend from the CNS to peripheral organs such as muscles and glands.

peripheral nervous system

division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS.

the afferent or sensory division

transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

the efferent or motor division

Because these nerves permit conscious control of the skeletal muscles, it is sometimes called the voluntary nervous system.

somatic nervous system

also called the visceral efferent nervous system, supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, to smooth muscle, and to glandular epithelium

autonomic nervous system

are the nerve cells that make up the central nervous system. This unique type of cell found in the brain that receives and conducts electric impulses, processing and transmitting information.

Neurons

These are the branch-like extensions that emanate from the cell body and receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors.

dendrites

This is a long, slender extension that carries the electrical signal away from the cell body and towards the axon terminals.

Axon

This is the main part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the cell to function.

cell body

This is the small gap or junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target tissue, such as a muscle or gland.

synapse

refers to the process by which information is transmitted between neurons in the brain.

Synaptic transmission

It contains the neurotransmitters that are released into the synaptic cleft.

presynaptic terminal

This is the small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

synaptic cleft

This is the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron that contains the receptors for the neurotransmitters.

postsynaptic membrane

These are chemical messengers that are released from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Neurotransmitter

is the amount of energy needed to fuel body movements as it occurs in activities od daily living, include exercise.

Energy Expenditure of Activity

is a feeling of constant tiredness or weakness and can be physical, mental or a combination of both.

Fatigue

Humm 1

Rod Laurence Sombilon · 94問 · 2年前

Humm 1