_______ are two of the primary factors that shape the behavior of human groups. This behavior, which serves as an adaptive tool for the varied stimuli projected by the environment, is influenced by beliefs, practices, and material possessions. Through constant practice, these sets of behavior form human traditions, which are passed on from one generation to the other. As each human group experiences differing environment conditions, cultural variations are established.

environment and history

______ refer to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.

cultural variations

1. ______ comes from religare' a Latin word means to bind together. It is an organized system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed toward entities which are above men. It is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural. The belief in the supernatural has been one of the universal preoccupations of humans as early as 60, 000 years ago. The earliest forms of religion revolved around making sense of natural occurrences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man-made calamities, sickness, and even death.

religion

1. religion comes from ‘_______' a Latin word means to bind together. It is an organized system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed toward entities which are above men. It is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural. The belief in the supernatural has been one of the universal preoccupations of humans as early as 60, 000 years ago. The earliest forms of religion revolved around making sense of natural occurrences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man-made calamities, sickness, and even death. Early human art exuded ancient forms of superstitions that included beliefs in the afterlife and that of superhuman capabilities. The Sorcerer of Les Gabillou is an example of a Paleolithic artwork. This artwork depicts the supernatural ability of a religious practitioner to become half man and half animal.

religare

Today, religion has evolved to promote far complex forms of understanding human nature, the afterlife, and natural events. Some are _____, believing in the existence of one god

monotheistic

whereas others as _____, believing in the existence of multiple gods.

polytheistic

2. ______ is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethics or indigenous group. These are smaller cultural groups within a nation that share specific social environments, traditions, and histories that may not be necessarily subscribed to by mainstream society.

ethnicity

There are about ___ indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and 100 tribal groups who mostly inhabit legally awarded ancestral domains.

180

There are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and ___ tribal groups who mostly inhabit legally awarded ancestral domains.

100

______ is a perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and superior; hence, the individual who exhibits ____ feels that his or her culture is the most appropriate as compared with other cultures. Using this perspective as a lens in understanding society is problematic on the basis that each culture is efficient and appropriate for the environment where it finds its practice.

ethnocentrism

3. ______ it is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person. It is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country - a "group of people who share the same history, traditions, and language" and who inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political border and administered by a government. It can be acquired by being born in a country or through legal processes such as naturalization on citizenship.

nationality

______ are the differences among the individuals on the basis of social characteristics and qualities

social differences

1. ____ refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women." Unlike sex which refers to the biological characteristics of humans such as male or female, gender categories are more varied, accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay, transgender, queer, and intersex (collectively referred to as LGBTQl), among others. In some societies, genderl becomes a basis of one's identity, as social norms allow for their acceptance or neglect by the majority of the population. In cases of neglect, individuals who subscribe to alternative genders create groups and communities where they can articulate their thoughts and aspirations more openly.

gender

- person sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.

heterosexual

- person sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.

homosexual

- a male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male.

gay

- a female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female.

lesbian

- individuals who are attracted to both sexes.

bisexual

- individuals who are totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.

asexual

- individuals who are attracted to multiple types of gender identity.

polysexual

- individuals who accommodate all types of gender.

pansexual

Finally, there are people whose gender identities do not match their biological identity as male or female. These people identify themselves as _____.

transgender

Their sexual orientation is not related to their genitalia. Under this category are people who identify themselves as _____. These individuals believe that the discord between their internal gender and the gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical sexual reassignment.

transsexual

Developments in the understanding of human diversity with regard to gender have allowed for the acceptance of the term "SOGIE" in the LGBTQI discussion. SOGIE (or ________)

sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression

- refers to a person's biological identity, which may be male, female, or intersex (i.e., hermaphrodite)

sexual orientation

- an individual's internal concept of self that may be related to being masculine, feminine, neither, or both, without strict relation to the physical characteristics that the person has.

gender identity

The concept of ____ varies between societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals. People falling into different social classes are bound to experience life differently such as in the form of transportation and the type and amount of food that they can afford and consume daily. The typical determinants of one's social status include income, value of assets and amount of savings, cultural interests and hobbies, and economic status of his or her peers and relatives. In the Philippines, our indicators of social class are different, given the economic and political context in which our country is in. Although government surveys take into account the factors enumerated earlier such as income and value of assets, Filipinos often describe their social class in personalized context. Hence, when you ask a Filipino what his or her social class is, the response can be any of the following: mahirap, medyo mayaman, sakto lang, mayaman, and the like.

socioeconomic class

3. _____ refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or mentally challenged conditions. Some individuals do not conform to behavioral or cognitive norms, not because they intend to deviate, but because they are exceptional. The concept of ______ leans on the non-average capacity of an individual. This could be understood in a spectrum of capabilities, wherein you have the geniuses in one extreme and you have the disabled and challenged in the other extreme. Such characteristics would place an individual in compromising situations as the environment demands conformity. Issues relating to both statuses can range from having fewer employment opportunities due to being physically disabled to not reaching one's full capacity due to the lack of advanced mechanisms to support an ____ talent.

exceptionality

______ is segment of society which shares a distinctive patter of mores, folkways, and values which differ from the pattern of larger society. These are groups that have specific cultural traits that set them apart from the dominant culture.

subculture

______ is a term now used in a number of different ways in academic discourse most common meaning is the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture.

high culture

_____ is a culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than educated elite.

popular culture

_____ as a social category refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society. Political parties in the Philippines such as Ladlad and Kabataan are examples of how sectors in our society use their identities as political vehicles to negotiate for, and lobby their needs. Example: Members of the church Iglesia ni Cristo promote the practice of block voting. Religion can also offer political identity to its followers. In a more rigid context, an individual can acquire political identity by subscribing to a political belief such as communism, democracy, or socialism. Is almost always associated with a group affiliation and describes the ways in which being a member of a particular group might express specific political opinions and attitudes.

political identity

_______ refers to specific political party affiliation or partisan identity. For many voters, belonging to a political party is not simply a voting decision. In the U.S., being a Democrat or a Republican is an important expression of a person's view on life; partisan affiliation signifies membership in a group that defines a worldview and a core set of a common values. As political parties benefit from political identity of this kind, since it makes for very loyal and reliable voters, parties, seek to cultivate partisan loyalty among their members.

partisan politics

______ political identity can also be shaped by race. For example, in the U.S., prior to the passage of the 13" Amendment, race determined whether a human being could legally be another's property. Until the dismantlement of legal segregation in the 1950s and '60s, race often determined whether citizens could vote, with whom they could associate, where they went to school and other fundamental aspects of life. Moreover, between 1924 and 1965, race determined who was and was not eligible to immigrate to the United States.

race and identity

_____ another possible factor that shapes political identity can be economic class. People's interests, outlook and life prospects are frequently conditioned by their economic circumstances.

class and identity

_____ many colonial societies operated by distinguishing the identities of "native subjects", who enjoyed fewer rights and liberties from European "settlers".

colonialism and identity

_____ is a group whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or a group that actively rejects dominant cultural values and norms. In most Western countries, the 1960s saw the rise of different countercultural groups and social movements that sought to dismantle the different inequalities that were then part of the dominant culture, such as racism (Civil Rights movement), sexism (modern Feminist movement) and homophobia (Gay Rights movement).

counter culture