PHILOSOPHY TRUTH ; FALLACY : BIAS

56問 • 5ヶ月前

ユーザ名非公開

通報

問題一覧

Is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any inquiry.

Philosophy

Lies at the heart of any inquiry. Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.

Truth

Is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

Knowledge

Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered.

Facts

Cannot be taken as true since it is simply not immediately evident and further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

Claim

These statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide concusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.

Opinions

Is a judgment based on certain facts. Itself could still be contested or questioned.

Conclusion

Are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.

Beliefs

Are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statemnent is true.

Explanations

Meanwhile, are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

Arguments

However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. Some of these may be intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.

Fallacies

Attacking the person presenting argument instead of the argument itself.

AD HOMINEM

Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument.

APPEAL TO FORCE

Using emotion such as pity or sympathy.

APPEAL TO EMOTION

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

APPEAL TO TRADITION

the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as "circular argument".

BEGGING THE QUESTION

Assuming a "cause-and effect" relationship between unrelated events.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

Assuming that what is true for a part is true for the whole.

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

FALLACY OF DIVISION

Personal views of the person presenting it. Are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

Bias

Cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate.

Bias

Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences.

correspondence bias or attribution effect

Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

confirmation bias

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

framing

The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historieal events.

hindsight

A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.

conflict of interest

Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards.

cultural bias

Are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

Opinions

may advance a belief about certain things or provide explanations.

Opinions

are often influenced by bias. This means that a person may have views and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality.

Opinions

often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable.

Arguments

consider something as truthful if it corresponds with an observable fact or reality.

Truth

if it can be justified through experience and the use of one's senses.

Truth

is a product of agreement or consensus.

Truth

another perspective considers a claim as truthful if it can be tested and verified.

Truth

"argumentum ad baculum"

APPEAL TO FORCE

"argumentum ad passiones"

APPEAL TO EMOTION

"argumentum ad populum"

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

"argumentum ad antiquitatem"

APPEAL TO TRADITION

"post hoc, ergo propter hoc"

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

"Of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a Communist!"

AD HOMINEM

"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war."

APPEAL TO FORCE

"All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment- can't you see how this is affecting my family?"

APPEAL TO EMOTION

"Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!"

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

"Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for a long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future."

APPEAL TO TRADITION

"I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking."

BEGGING THE QUESTION

"Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it."

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

"These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals."

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

"You come from a family of doctors an intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!"

FALLACY OF DIVISION

"These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!"

correspondence bias

"How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!"

confirmation bias

"Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error."

framing

"Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardy venture, made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos."

hindsight

"As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices."

conflict of interest

"I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members."

cultural bias

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問題一覧

Is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any inquiry.

Philosophy

Lies at the heart of any inquiry. Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.

Truth

Is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

Knowledge

Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered.

Facts

Cannot be taken as true since it is simply not immediately evident and further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

Claim

These statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide concusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.

Opinions

Is a judgment based on certain facts. Itself could still be contested or questioned.

Conclusion

Are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.

Beliefs

Are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statemnent is true.

Explanations

Meanwhile, are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

Arguments

However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. Some of these may be intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.

Fallacies

Attacking the person presenting argument instead of the argument itself.

AD HOMINEM

Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument.

APPEAL TO FORCE

Using emotion such as pity or sympathy.

APPEAL TO EMOTION

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

APPEAL TO TRADITION

the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as "circular argument".

BEGGING THE QUESTION

Assuming a "cause-and effect" relationship between unrelated events.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

Assuming that what is true for a part is true for the whole.

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

FALLACY OF DIVISION

Personal views of the person presenting it. Are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

Bias

Cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate.

Bias

Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences.

correspondence bias or attribution effect

Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

confirmation bias

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

framing

The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historieal events.

hindsight

A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.

conflict of interest

Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards.

cultural bias

Are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

Opinions

may advance a belief about certain things or provide explanations.

Opinions

are often influenced by bias. This means that a person may have views and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality.

Opinions

often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable.

Arguments

consider something as truthful if it corresponds with an observable fact or reality.

Truth

if it can be justified through experience and the use of one's senses.

Truth

is a product of agreement or consensus.

Truth

another perspective considers a claim as truthful if it can be tested and verified.

Truth

"argumentum ad baculum"

APPEAL TO FORCE

"argumentum ad passiones"

APPEAL TO EMOTION

"argumentum ad populum"

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

"argumentum ad antiquitatem"

APPEAL TO TRADITION

"post hoc, ergo propter hoc"

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

"Of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a Communist!"

AD HOMINEM

"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war."

APPEAL TO FORCE

"All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment- can't you see how this is affecting my family?"

APPEAL TO EMOTION

"Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!"

APPEAL TO THE POPULAR

"Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for a long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future."

APPEAL TO TRADITION

"I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking."

BEGGING THE QUESTION

"Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it."

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

"These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals."

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

"You come from a family of doctors an intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!"

FALLACY OF DIVISION

"These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!"

correspondence bias

"How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!"

confirmation bias

"Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error."

framing

"Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardy venture, made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos."

hindsight

"As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices."

conflict of interest

"I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members."

cultural bias