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considered as the “mother of all science” • is a way of line • it is a science • persistent quest for knowledge and truth

PHILOSOPHY

Origin of Philosophy birthplace of philosophy?

Greece (West)

The one who Gather of Philosophy in the Western Civilization

Thales

Philosophy CHARACTERIZRD BY 3 THING

• Philosophy involves the widest generations. • Philosophy is all about fundamentals. • Philosophy is driven by the desire

Branches of Philosophy

Cognitive Branches Normative Branches

Provides description of being and knowing.

Cognitive Branches

Cognitive Branches divided into 3?

• Metaphysics • Epistemology • Logic

To answer “ Where am I” • deals with questions regarding reality and existence.

Metaphysics

study of the nature means human knowledge

Epistemology

science and art of correct thinking and reasoning.

Logic

Concerned with standards of good To answer “ What should I do?”

Normative Branches

Normative Branches didvided into 3?

Ethics or Morality Aesthetics Politics

deals with human actions whether good or bad, right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable, justifiable or unjustifiable.

Ethics or Morality

deals with the nature of art/ objective judgement of beauty.

Aesthetics

deals with the principles if a social system.

Politics

area in philosophy that understands the human person from philosophical perspective.

Philosophy of the Human Person

Practical uses of Philosophy

• For critical analysis and interpretation • Improves problem solving and decision making • Wisdom application of knowledge/ • Develop clean and adequate articulation of ideas. • Self development.

Uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which

philosophy

The first philosophers are called the?

Pre-Socratics

was the earliest philosopher's to inquire about the world and explain the composition of things father of Western philosophy.

Thales

emerged and they influenced learning in ancient Greece,

Sophists

Sophists emerged in ancient Greece, they taught a style of argumentation called? which aimed to win arguments rather than arrive at the truth.

eristic

ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Pythagoras Heraclitus Democritus Diognes of Sinope Epicurus Aristotle Plato

A student of Thales agreed with his teacher that everything comes from a single, basic material.

Anaximander

He believed that the ultimate composition of all things is water.

Thales

Anaximander His views that all things are created and emerged from an indefinite and boundless realm called?

apeiron

He was a young associate of Anaximander who followed Thale's view He believed that it is air that makes up all things

Anaximenes

A mathematician and scientist, Phytagorean theorem. study of religion and philosophy

Pythagoras

He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan, which called logos. Logos

Heraclitus

He devoted himself to studying the cause of natural phenomena. composed of tiny particle called atom

Democritus

He was a known advocate of simple and virtue life. His emphasis on austerity and simplicity He was also known to be a vocal critic of well-known

Diognes of Sinope

He was a practical philosophers and believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. He believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free from fear and pain.

Epicurus

Student of: Plato Teacher of: Alexander the Great Known for: Developing logic, ethics, biology, politics, metaphysics. Focused on empirical observation and reason. Unlike Plato, he believed that reality lies in the physical world, not in

Aristotle

Student of Socrates and known for Founding the Academy in Athens Believed in a world of ideal forms perfect, unchanging ideas that the physical world only imitates.

Plato

• Sculptures aimed at capturing idealized human forms, emphasizing balance, proportion, and symmetry. • Mythological representations in sculptures depicted gods, goddesses, and mythological heroes, reflecting cultural values.

Greek Sculptures

• Mastery in realistic portraiture, creating sculptures of emperors, generals, and notable individuals. • Monumental sculptures adorned grand architectural projects, emphasizing military victories and imperial worship.

Roman Sculptures

• Integral to religious and philosophical beliefs, with sculptures reflecting Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideologies. • Emphasis on imperial patronage, where sculptures were used to legitimize and symbolize imperial power

Chinese Sculptures

MAJOR QUESTIONS THAT PHILOSOPHERS PONDER.

QUESTION OF REALITY CONCRETE REALITY ABSTRACT REALITY QUESTION OF CAUSALITY QUESTION OF ETHICS

refers to the state of existence of things independent of human consciousness. In the broadest sense, reality, includes physical things that we see, feel, taste, and smell,

QUESTION OF REALITY

refers to the things that do not physically exist,

ABSTRACT REALITY

refers to the things that physically exist, such as a basket of apples, a pile of books, and a cup of coffee

CONCRETE REALITY

address questions regarding the nature of reality

METAPHYSICS

focuses on the classification of existing things

ONTOLOGY

refers to perfect knowledge that is free from error or doubt.

QUESTION OF CERTAINTY

a central concept in the question of certainly is truth.

TRUTH

is a knowledge theory that holds knowledge is a priori knowledge,

RATIONALISM

established doctrines or truths and believes

SKEPTICISM

the causes of events and phenomena. Philosophers analyze causality by examining events in the context of a cause- and effect relationship.

QUESTION OF CAUSALITY

Question of reality are?

CONCRETE REALITY ABSTRACT REALITY METAPHYSICS ONTOLOGY

QUESTION OF CERTAINTY are?

TRUTH RATIONALISM SKEPTICISM

QUESTION OF CAUSALITY are?

ORIGIN PURPOSE ULTIMATE CAUSE AGENCY FREE WILL DETERMINISM DESTINY

the causes of events and phenomena. Philosophers analyze causality by examining events in the context of a cause- and effect relationship.

QUESTION OF CAUSALITY

refers to determine the factors and motivations behind them.

ORIGIN

explanation of things function, end or goal.

PURPOSE

refers to border of sense, purpose to the reason for things existence.

ULTIMATE CAUSE

which is the capacity of man to go govern or control his actions.

AGENCY

ability to choose among possible actions factors and process the influence individual actions such as reason, beliefs, desire and morality.

FREE WILL

Which shows tMhat each event is determined or influenced by a specific set of events or factors that are causally related.

DETERMINISM

which refers to predetermined course of events leading to a specific outcome or future.

DESTINY

The branch of philosophy that studies causality

etiology

is the branch that deals with the question of purpose.

teleology

deals with the standards of right and wrong that define human behavior.

QUESTION OF ETHICS

is the branch that seeks to apply and analyze these concepts in various situations, context, and cultures, Govern the decisions and actions of people.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY

METHODS AND TOOLS PHILOSOPHERS USE (SADSL)

SYSTEMATIC DOUBT ARGUMENT DIALECT SOCRATIC METHOD SYLLOGISM OR LOGICAL ARGUMENTS

Philosophers engage in discussion, discourse, and debate over their ideas

ARGUMENT

Philosophers employ a skeptical attitude in looking at ideas, events, or things

SYSTEMATIC DOUBT

Varied and differing ideas and perspectives are analyzed, and form the information gathered, new ideas and views are formulated.

DIALECT

l It is a method of analyzing a topic by formulating a series of questions

SOCRATIC METHOD

l presented as a series of related statements or premises leading to a conclusion.

SYLLOGISM OR LOGICAL ARGUMENTS

is one intended product of philosophizing, and this refers to a person's ability to apply knowledge to daily life,

WISDOM

rooted in Greek philosophy this required in order to establish something true.

Justified, true belief

A belief may be justified by using one’s perception and sense

Justification

THEORY UNDER DETERMINING TRUTH

Correspondence theory Coherence Theory Consensus Theory Relativism Pragmatic Theory

states something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state of affairs. Would have sense perception or experience

Correspondence theory

Proposes that something is true if it makes a sense when placed in a certain situation or context. truths” from different perspectives

Coherence Theory

View knowledge as based on agreement, and something is true if almost everyone agrees that it is true.

Consensus Theory

is a philosophical concept that contends that there are no absolute truths

Relativism

holds the view that something is true if we can put it into practice or if it is useful in real life. tested to confirm validity. A related theory, verificationism, considers that ideas must be verified using sense or experience.

Pragmatic Theory

phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable.

Arguments

A number of arguments, m

Fallacies

EXAMPLES OF FALLACY

Ad hominem Appeal to force Appeal to emotion Appeal to popular Begging the question CAUSE- AND EFFECT FALLACY OF COMPOSITION FALLACY OF DIVISION

attacking a person making the argument instead of the argument itself Example: “ Of course, he believes that the government is flawed. He is a rebel and Communist!”

Ad hominem

using the threat if force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. Example: If this peace agreement will not be signed by government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war.”

Appeal to force

using emotions such as pity or sympathy Example: “ All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment. Can’t you see how this affecting my family?”

Appeal to emotion

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept. Example: “ Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go and find one!”

Appeal to popular

Assuming the thing or idea to proven is true; also known as “circular argument” Example: “ I have a right to free speech, therefore, you cannot stop me from talking.”

Begging the question

assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as “circular argument” Example: “ Ever since you bought that weather, everything has been going wrong in your life. Ypu should get rid of it.”

CAUSE- AND EFFECT

assuming that what is true for a part is true for the whole. Example: “ These cases of robberies in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals.

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts. Example: “ You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this curse!”

FALLACY OF DIVISION

Standard models of The origin of the universe

Erisey Manayon · 22問 · 6ヶ月前

Standard models of The origin of the universe