2nd Book 2

Currents and Waves

Tides upwelling of surface water sinking of surface water

Energy and not water

Friction occuring btw the dynamic water and sea floor

Wind Energy and Gravity

wave breaks

Open Oceans

Strength of wind -how long it blows and area over which it blows in a single direction

young ones

originate at far away places from Another Hemisphere

Surges happen due to Meterological Changes -wind and atmospheric changes

greater than that of Sun

diff btw gravitational attraction of Moon and Centrifugal force of Earth

have greater height(become low near mid-oceanic islands)

magnify the intensity of tides

they are called Tidal Currents

4 tides - 2 High and Low Tides approximately same height

2 tides - 1 High and Low Tide approximately same height

twice a month

7 day interval btw Spring Tides and Neap Tides

Ebb (HL)

Flow/Flood (LH)

8 cm higher than in middle latitudes (due to expansion by Heating) this creates gradient and hence water flows down the slope

are fast

are slow

strongest at surface,decreases with depth

Knots

large accumulation of water and flow around them

10 % of waves

90% of waves

mostly anticyclonic (more pronounced in Southern Hemisphere)

below thermocline

Middle and Low Latitudes (more temp difference)

Low Latitudes - throughout the year,Mid Latitudes - during the summer

1 layer (due to negligible diff btw Higher and lower level temp)

slightly north of equator (and not on the EQUATOR)

27 deg C (decreases 0.5 deg C per Latitude towards poles)

Southern Hemisphere oceans (due to landmass)

the highest surface (receive direct sunlight)

amt of salt dissolved in 1000 gm(1 kg) of seawater

24.7% limit

interrelated

Lake Van, Turkey Dead Sea bordered by Israel& Jordan Great Salt Lake,Utah,US

Chlorine Sodium

highest(due to North Atlantic Drift and enclosed seas high evaporation)

fresh water influx) (also black sea)

due to its vast extent

influx of water from rivers and higher evaporation in Arabian Sea

depth(halocline bloundary beneath which Salinity increases)

(PI)perpendicular to the Pressure Gradient Force & Isobar

2-3 km above the Surface

Equator

2-3 km above surface where there is no friction

Cyclonic Circulation

Anti Cyclonic Circulation

sinking of cold air (and not due to thermal induced)

descends on the leeward side so dry and melts the snow

during night, slope gets cooled quickly and cool wind descends down the plains and ice fields

Faster than Warm Front

less slope than Cold Front

Mid and High Lats

large area covered (Extra)

Cumulous

Cumulonimbus

Condensation Process with continuous supply from the sea

Maharastra

Odisha

West Bengal

Landfall

generally recurve and are more destructive

eyewall

200 m

200 m to Ocean Bottom

filled with free floating seaweed -Sargassum

4 Ocean Currents (North Atlantic SubTropical Gyre) Gulf, Azores, Canary, Antilles,North equitorial current (AAGNC)

chemical and biological activity

increases - in hot climates, reduces in - cold climates STOPS in - freezing climates

Cumulonimbus clouds