Part 2a

Ratio of that 1 species over total no. of species in that biome

0

1

Species Richeness Species Evenness

number of species found in a community

proportion of species at a given site (low evenness means a few species dominate that scene)

Alpha Diversity - diversity within a particular area ( expressed by no. of species in that ecosystem) Beta Diversity - comparison of diversities btw ecosystems (expressed as change in amount of species btw the Ecosystems) Gamma Diversity - overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region.

Zoological parks Botanical Gardens Seed Banks Recreational Gardens

National Parks Sanctuaries Biosphere Reserves Reserves Forests Protected Forests

IUCN

information for endangered mammals and birds

Pink - critically endangered Green Pages - formerly endangered but now recovered & no longer threatened

Not a category of threat.Just that sufficient data not available to categorise it

Continent/sub continent sized area with unifying features of Geography and flora and fauna (Ex-- Asia)

2 Himalayan Region - Palearctic Realm Malayan Realm - rest of the sub continent

8

geography of plants

geography of animals

5

10

Crab, Lobster (shell to protect)

Red ,Brown

Green,Blue Green

Western Ghat Eastern Western Himalayas

Fungi (bad - decomposing) Bacteria (good - vermicompost)

Algae & Fungi(LAF)

Most Common in Wetlands,not in groundwater

no roots,Grow in Moist places

Mosses (max. quantity) Liverworts Hornwarts

North East

naked seeded plants - naked during Gym (Ex - Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum,Pine)

closed seeded Plants

Angiosperms (Ovaries developed into fruits Ovules into seeds)

National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources, Delhi

Soneratia, Avicennia

Algae (Plants) Crustaceans, Protozoans ( Zooplankton)

cynobacteria Diatoms Algae

Sun to live so found in Tropical Waters, Wetlands

Chlorophyll so producers (some get energy from consuming other organisms also)

limited movement, so move only through currents.so not much distributed and scattered

60% of Oxygen produced on Earth

lighted regions of ocean (both Freshwater and saltwater) + Polar Regions

Phytoplanktons

greater than total plants on Earth

PINS (Phosphorus Iron Nitrogen Silica - by diatoms and silicaflagellets)

With rising temp, increases but diminishes after reaching a certain point

due to exposure of seas to UV-B rays

Phytoplanktons (use CO2 for photosynthesis and return CO2 when eaten or decomposition)

Falgellates, Jellyfish

Angiosperms (marine flowering plants) (but they resemble like grass)

roots, flowers , ovaries

Fresh water , salt water (but only in shallow calm waters)

Tamil Nadu, (high salinity, sandy, clarity) Lakshadweep A&N Island

feed Dugong(who is on the verge of extinction) Filter feeder stabilizes bottom sediments to control erosion reduces wave energy

high population of fish and migratory birds

marine invertebrate animals on sea floor in tropical Regions

kaii ( macroscopic algae) so non-differentiated plant

rocks, corals, shallow tidal zones of sea

food for humans agar agar , alginates, iodine products are produced from them drugs for goitre

Indicator of Pollution - heavy metal pollution Biodegradation of seaweeds - methane can be used as biogas

releases Hydrogen Sulphide can cause vomiting diarrhea

not under WPA

WPA (By State Govt. only Occasionally by Central Govt)

Greater degree of Protection even grazing is prohibited

less degree of protection grazing is allowed

Multiple Species

Single Species (like Grizzled Squirrel)

state govt in consultation with Chief Naval of Hydrographer of Central Govt(fisherman issues)

NBW (National Board of Wildlife)

allow to enter or reside within WS/NP control, manage, maintain all Protected Areas

determines the rights if any person within the NP/WS excludes Territory Includes Territory on payment of compensation continues the rights of person(after consulting with Chief Wildlife Warden)

public servant on duty permitted person by Chief Wildlife Warden(not Collector) those who have right over immovable property within the WS/NP +dependants along Public Highway

State Govt(Under WPA Amendment 2003)

areas ADJACENT to NP & WS for conservation purposes

Tirupadaimarathur, Tamil Nadu (to protect the birds nesting in the village)

State Government

State Govt

any private land or community land on volunteering by Community

Community Reserve Management Committee

to improve socio economic conditions of life (so , no change in land use pattene allowed inside Community Reserve without permission of Management Committee)

WPA,1972

PISI P - WS/NP (1) I - Islands (2) S - Sandy Beaches (3) I - Islands Forests (3B)

few trees or whole acres - those dedicated to local deities protected by local community (ex - garo, khasi prohibit any human interference in sacred groves)