chap11

26問 • 1年前

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Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 and John Stuart Mill 1808-1873; Are British philosopher who had immense impact on British thought.

Utilitarianism

____ was the head of the group of reformers called “the philosophical radicals,” whose member included James Mill and his son, John Stuart Mill.

Bentham

Bentham and the younger Mill are considered the main proponent/taga taguyod of the moral theory called ___.

Utilitarianism

____ ethical system judges the rightness of an act in terms of an external goal or purpose. Its basis in the determination of what one ought or ought not to do rest exclusively on the consequences of the act, not the nature of the act nor the traditional moral rules.

Teleological

Perhaps the most proponent moral philosophy in the last two centuries, utilitarianism in known as a ____ __, a subclass of teleological (The doctrine of the final causes of things) moral theory.

Consequentialist Theory

proposes that actions, rules or policies should be ethically measured and evaluated by their consequences, not by the intention or motives of the agent.

Consequentialist ethics

who holds that some actions are intrinsically/essentially wrong and must never be done no matter what the results are

absolutists

suppose that there is no kind of act which may not be justified by its effects.

consequentialists

believe in a natural law or in natural rights or conflict with the law-as immoral, no matter what their outcomes are

absolutists

believed that there is no class of actions which must be ruled out in advance independent of their consequences.

consequentialists

the most influential consequentialists’ theory.

Utilitarianism

utilis

useful

basically states that what is useful is good, and that the moral value of actions are determined by the utility

Utilitarianism

an account of a given thing's purpose.

Teleology

For example, a teleological explanation of why forks have prongs that design helps humans eat certain foods; stabbing food to help humans eat is what forks are for.

Teleology

argues that the right course of action is one that maximizes overall happiness.

Utilitarian Ethics

This ethical system is basically hedonistic as it identifies happiness with pleasure.

Utilitarian Ethics

In general, it puts forward that an action is right if it amplifies pleasures and minimizes pain.

Utilitarian Ethics

The principle of utility can be applied to either particular actions or general rules. The former is usually called “act-utilitarianism and the latter, “rule-utilitarianism”.

True

____ principle of utility is applied directly to every alternative act in a situation of choice. The right act is then defined as the one which bring about the best results, or the least amount of bad results.

Act Utilitarianism

One of the criticisms against this outlook is the difficulty of getting a full knowledge and certainly of the consequences of people’s action.

Act Utilitarianism

Moreover it is argued that it is possible to justify immoral act using __ _____: “suppose you could end a regional war by torturing children whose fathers are enemy soldiers, thus revealing the hide out of the fathers” (Utilitarian Theories)

Act Utilitarianism

the principle of utility is use to decide the validity of rules of conduct (moral standard or principle).

Rule Utilitarianism

A moral rule such as promise-keeping is established by evaluating the consequences of a world which people broke promises at will and a world in which promises were binding.

Rule Utilitarianism

Moral and immoral are then defined as following or breaking those rules.

Rule Utilitarianism

Note: for you not to break the rules, reveal the hideout of your father to. That’s the contract under utilitarianism. One of the criticisms against this view is that it is possible to produce unjust rules according to the principle utility. For example, “slavery in Greece might be right if it led to an overall achievement of cultivated happiness at the expense of some mistreated individuals.

Rule Utilitarianism

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Lydster Joy Baquero Alonzo · 24問 · 1年前

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