sleep

J allan Hobson proposed that dreams are a product of the brain’s attempt to make sense of internal and external stimuli Serves as a form of cognitive processing Herpes to integrate new information with existing knowledge and memories

Practicing a skill then dreaming about the skill Studying for an exam, dreaming about taking the exam

Created by Francis Crik and Graeme Mitchison This theory suggests that dreams are a way for the brain to process and orgnaize information that happened during waking hours Serves as a mechanism for consolidating memories and solving problems Whatever happens in during the day, happens again in dreams

Liking someone at work or school then dreaming about them Exploring a new city then dreaming about all the experience you had

Created by Antti Revonsuo Proposes that the function of the dreaming is to simulate threatening events to prepare for it happens in real life Related to the idea of the brain’s evolutionary need to simulate potentially threatening situations in a safe environment

Dreaming about school shooting Getting jumped or chased Getting murdered Taking to your crush

an individual awareness of internal and external stimuli

Things happening from within Feelings of pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness and being aware of thought and emotions

Things happening from our environment Seeing the light from the sun, feeling of the warmth, hearing a voice

Seven Controlled processes Automatic processes Daydreaming Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Unconscious and Implicit Memory Unconsciousness

Activities that require full alertness, awareness and concentration All three are applied to reach a goal This process interferes with our abilities to multitask or be aware of many things at one It must be intentional Ex: driving, studying, running (beginner) Usually when we are learning something

Activities that require little awareness and do not interfere with other activities occurring simultaneously These tasks/mental processes have become automatic through repetition and learning They no longer require focused attention to be successfully completed Ex; walking, colouring

requires little awareness and often occurs while doing an automatic process Involves fantasizing or dreaming while the person is awake

Produces awareness that is different from normal consciousness This state is usually brought through factors such as medications, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and sleep deprivation

Represents another state of consciousness Sleep involves 5 different stages of awareness/consciousness Light, daydream-like sleep, deep sleep Dreaming is a unique state of consciousness in we are asleep But can experience strange perceptions and distorted thought patterns

Information that individuals don’t intentionally try to remember ex: Bad experience speaking a different language Going home Remembering something that has been mentioned once before

Unaware of your surroundings and things outside our awareness and ourselves Sleeping Experiencing a stroke (when blood stops flowing to the brain)

the manage systems of the body that consist of series of organs that regulate all body functions and rhythms Refers to a natural, recurring cycle of physiological changes or behavioural patterns in living organisms Often influence by internal factor such genetics, circadian clocks, but also external factors such as environmental cues They help organisms adapt to their surroundings and optimize their functioning in different situations

A biological rhythms that is approx 24 hours influenced by the earth rotation Regulates various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and body temperature

Can lead to sleep disorders (insomnia or irregular sleep pattern) The body’s internal clock plays a crucial in regulating sleep-wake cycles Disturbances can cause difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or waking up at inappropriate times

Influences cognitive functions Altherness, memory, attention Leads to learning difficulties in concentration, problem-solving and decision making

Disturbing circadian rhythm may compromise the immune system, making the person more susceptible to infections/health issues

Leads to hormonal imbalances affecting various physiological processes Circadian plays a role in controlling the release of cortisol, melatonin and HGH

Sleep disturbances Impaired Cognitive Function Weakened Immune Function Hormonal Imbalances

A natural, internal process that regulates sleep and wake states in living organisms Influence by environmental factors like light- dark cycles of the day

Sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the body’s internal circadian clock Located in the brains’ suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus Influence by external cues Light signals received by the eyes help synchronize the internal clock with natural day-night cycles

Produced by the pineal gland Typically rise in the evening in response to decreasing lights levels, prominent sleepiness Decreases in the morning

Timing of circadian cycles vary depending a person hence, night owls or morning people”

Sleep-wake cycle consists of alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep Sleep is typically divided into several stages including non-rapid eye movement (NREM) Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM) One cycle last 90 - 110 mins

3

Transition from wakefulness to sleep Last for a few minutes May experience light sleep Muscles activity decreases Eye movements are slow

Deeper stage of sleep Considered light sleep Heart rate slowly down Body temp decreases Eye movement is absent during this stage

Referred to as ‘deep” or “slow-wave sleep” Transition period from light to deep sleep Brain starts producing delta waves Harder to be awakened if awaken may feel groggy and disoriented

Characterized by rapid eye movement Increased brain activity Referred as paradoxical sleep because the body is temporarily paralyzed Vv important for memory consolidation and emotional regulation

Suggest that sleep is an evolutionary mechanism Prevented our ancestor from wasting energy and exposing themselves to night predator Adapting to our environment since it safer during the day and dangerous at night Helps conserve energy by reducing activity

Lack of strong circadian rhythms in nocturnal animals Predators sleep whenever they want

Suggest that activities of the day deplete factors in the brain and body They get replenish or repair by sleeping Suggest that sleep serves a primarily physical function

During sleep the body undergoes process such as muscle growth, tissues repair, and immune system strengthening Release of growth hormone Cellular repair, energy conservation, removal or waste products

Disorder of breathing during sleep Typically accompanied by loud snoring Consists of brief periods throughout the night in breathing stops Ppl with this sleep disorder do not get enough oxygen during sleep 2 types of sleep apnea, Obstructive Sleep Apnea They have to wake up in the middle of the night to breathe but no recall waking up

Due to obstruction in the throat during sleep Narrow upper airway which may because inherent physical characteris, excess weight, alcohol consumptions

Caused by a delay in signal from the brain to breathe

Loud snoring Waking up not refreshed Having trouble staying awake during the day Waking up w/ headaches

A chronic disorder affecting the brain where people very drowsy during the day Thought of an intrusion of dreaming sleep (REM) into the waking state 0.03% of the general population have it Found to be hereditary but maybe also affected by environmental factors An irresistible need to sleep, “sleep attacks”

Lost oof muscle tone Brin a slight buckling at the knees to complete limpness May occur in ppl w/ Narcoleps

Excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, vivid dreams like images when drifting off to sleep or waking up,

Characterized by persistent difficulty falling sleeping, staying asleep, or achieving restorative sleep (despite being given the opportunity to) Experience dissatisfaction with their sleep 3 types of Insomnia: transient, short-term, chronic insomnia

Only last for a few nights Usually happens b/c or an environmental change

Two or four weeks of poor sleep Usually happens b/c or an environmental change