Weighs about 3 pounds Contains 1 trillion cells Glial cells make up the majority of the brain

They form a network around which the developing neurons can grow Insulate neurons to prevent the electrical impulses that carry from being lost or diluted Produced regulatory chemicals that influence the growth and function of neurons

Make up the majority of the brain Are the workhorses of the brain Exist to support neurons- do not preform the greatest function of the brain

Receive and transmit electrical impulses throughout the brain and spinal cord Humans are unable to regenerate neurons

Allow us to move, to sense our environment, to remember information, to, and to feel a variety of emotions

No, humans cannot regenerate neurons

They are still developing neurons Is not hard-wired yet and have a great degree of flexibility Their brains areas can develop neural networks that substitute for the damaged ones Less life experiences

Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon Synaptic gap Myelin

- Keeps the cell working in order - Provides energy and manufacturer chemicals involved with basic cellular functions and maintaining electrical potential that allow the neuron to transmit the impulse

Receives impulses from other neurons

- Long thread-like structure that carries impulses away from the cell body towards the other neurons - Ends in like a tree branch structure with terminal nodes

- Where the electrical impulses jumps over the synaptic gap - Capable of producing neurotransmitters Simulated by an electrical impulse to release either excitatory or inhibitory

- The gap between the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another - Passes in the form of chemical neurotransmitters - Gets transformed back into into a electrical impulse when the next dendrite receives it

- A coat of fatty substance around the axon - Shields the electrical charge from the external environment - Speeds up the rate of the electrical impulse cna travel

- Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system ( the rest of the nerves in the body)

- Bundle of axons and dendrites that originate in the spinal cord - Carries information from the body extremities and organs to the spinal cord and brain then back again - Sensory neurons - spinal cord - motor neurons - Nerves in the peripheral system ( nerve fibers) can re-grow and re-attach

- chemical messenger that transmit information between nerve and organ

Increase an action of an organ

Decreases an organ’s action

- Made by neurons - Allows them to communicate with each other to carry about mental and physical tasks

- Caffeine (excitatory) - Alcohol (inhibitory)

- GABA -"Acetylcholine - Norepinephrine - Epinephrine -"Dopamine - Serotonin

- Also a neurotransmitter - Serves as the body’s natural painkillers

An involuntary, unlearned reaction to a stimulus sensory or afferent neurons carry information to spinal cord

- nerve cell that carries information about changes in external and internal environments to the central nervous system - Another name is Afferent Neuron

- Located in the spinal cord - the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system

the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action

Involves feeling sensations and movements coming from an limb that is missing

- is the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch, as well as temperature, body position, and pain - t is a subset of the sensory nervous system, which also represents visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli

biology and environment

are caused with difference in our genetic code - DNA

- made up of 4 bases - base pairs form an interconnected lattice shape of a double helix

- Coiled pairs of genes that produce specific physiological traits in people - Act individually or interact with each other to get these individuals characteristics - Units of genetic material made up of DNA - Also code for specific protein

- is a strand of tightly coiled DNA molecules - Complete human genetic complement consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes - During fertilisation 23 chromosomes from each parent come together to form a zygote - Have total of 46 chromosomes in each cell

- Can cause defects since they cannot produce the right protein - Lactose intolerance, colour blindness, haemophilia - Most common genetic disorder is fragile-X syndrome - Cause physical abnormalities and affect brain functioning

- Survival through environmental adaptation - 98% of our genome is shared with chimpanzees but our brain is 3x larger - We develop more of our frontal lobe

- The removal of the front third of the frontal lobe - In order to treat emotional disturbed patients - Had a bit of success however socialisation problems and inability to make out or carry out even simple tasks

- A narrow strip of the cortex located on the rear edge of the frontal lobe - Responsible of the initiation of all voluntary muscle movements

A visual representation of the functional areas of the motor cortex

- An area of the brian responsible for motivating behaviours (basic drive), organising emotional behaviours, and storing memories - Comprised of a group of connected structures making up the core of the forebrain - Considered a primitive brain area b/c closely involved with instinctual behaviours - Consists of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus

- Control centre of emotions in the brain - Controls biological drives and emotional behaviours - Involved with the secretion of hormones at onset of puberty - Controls the activation of the flight and fight responses - Manages the endocrine system

- involved in recognition, perception, and remembering of emotional experiences - Recognizes and remembers emotional facial expressions - Helps analyse the expressions of others and remembers which expressions have led to negative outcomes in the past - Protects us from potential harm

- Serves a relay centre for sensory information - Processes sensory signals just enough to know which brain area send them to - Relays sensory information to the somatosensory cortex, primary auditory complex, and the primary visual cortex from all the sensory neurons all over the body

- Directly connected with remembering - Process sensory and short term memory - Turning short term memory into long term memory

- Serves control centre - Instead of relying on nerve they rely on hormones to control what does on in the body - Made up of a series of glands located throughout the body - The glands produce hormones that affect organs, muscles and other glands in the body pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads

- Divided into two lobes: posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary - Labelled due to their location on the brain - posterior (rear) and anterior (front) - Located directly below the hypothalamus

Controls the body’s water and salt balance

- Regulates growth - Produces human growth hormone - Also produces hormones that control adrenal cortex, pancreas, thyroid and gonads

Allows the body to process sugar and remove them from the bloodstream

- Located at the base of the neck - Helps regulate metabolism with variety of hormones

- Result of the thyroid gland being too active - Leading to weight loss, nervousness and anxiety

- Located on the upper part of the kidneys - Outer edge of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex - The inner adrenal gland is called the adrenal medulla

- Is involved in sugar and salt balances in the body - Helps the body resist stress - responsible for the growth of pubic hair

- Also responsible for producing hormones to resist stresses - Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine- involved in the flight and fight response

- Are the sex organ of the body - Responsible for producing gametes (eggs and sperm) - Produces hormones that regulate sexual development (ovulation, growth of sex hormone, facial hair, body hair, etc.)

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

- Deals with all voluntary movements - Control the body movement through the use of skeletal muscles - responsible for the functions we are aware of and consciously influence

- Controls everything involuntary - Manages everything that occurring in our body automatically - maintains homeostasis - The limbic system has a great control of ANS

- Uses neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, epinephrine and acetylcholine -Manages the flight fright response using epinephrine

Controls the body at rest

Dilating — or expanding — your pupils Halting your salivation Dilating your airways Increasing your heart rate Inhibiting digestion Relaxing your bladder

Pupil constriction Initiating Salivation Slowing your heart rate Constricting your airways Increasing blood flow to your reproductive system

- Dementia is not a specific disease and is an umbrella term that describes a wide range of symptoms - Alzheimer's disease is a specific brain disease. It is marked by symptoms of Dementia but gets wors over time.

-A brain disorder that slowly destroys memory, thinking and eventually the ability to carry out the - Alzheimer's disease is thought to be cause by the abnormal build-up of protein in and around brain cells - However it is still unknown what triggers Alzhiemer's these are factors that increase the chances of developing the condition simplest of tasks - Life expectancy 8-10 years - Discovered by Alois Alzheimers in 1906 - It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment

Stage 1: Before Symptoms Appear. ... Stage 2: Basic Forgetfulness. ... Stage 3: Noticeable Memory Difficulties. ... Stage 4: More Than Memory Loss. ... Stage 5: Decreased Independence. ... Stage 6: Severe Symptoms. ... Stage 7: Lack of Physical Control

• loss of cognitive functioning • thinking, remembering and reasoning, and behavioural abilities

Located at the top rear of the head ( between frontal and occipital lobes)

- primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain. - involved in the perception of body awareness and the construction of a spatial coordinate system - Home to the brain’s primary somatosensory cortex where the brain gathers input from the other areas of the body

- Located behind the ear - Second largest lobe of the brain

- Managing your emotions - Controls how we feel and the power to express them - Storing and retrieving information -Contains the primary auditory complex that is responsible for interpreting everything we hear from our surroundings - Understanding language

Smallest out of the four Located at the back of the brain

- Detecting visual stimuli - Recognizing visual stimuli - Process what you see and makes information for the rest of the brain to use - Identifying colours, language, distance/depth perception, recognizing objects and faces

Frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal

- to perform muscle movements - - Interpret and perform emotional behaviours - Express our personality - Focus our attention - Make decisions and plans - Reason and problem solve

the frontal lobe

parietal lobe

the occipital lobe

temporal lobe

Hypothalamus

amygdala

hippocampus

thalamus

hypothalamus

thalamus