Unit 1 test

the systemanic, scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

1. It begins by describing the problem based on observable factors 2. It tries to explain the problem using theory & experimentation 3. Theories are put to the test as psychologists predict future 4. Interventions are putin place to control the problem behaviour

Psychoanalytic,biological, cross- cultural, humanistic, behavioural& cognitive

social / cultural influences have after on how we act ex: social norms/peer pressure

explains psychological phenomena through natural factors ( genetic, hormone levels, nervous system development

explains behaviours based on how we process, store, and use information and how this info influes our attention, preception, learning, memory, altitude, beliefs and feelings

We learn behaviours from watching those around us ex: sticking up the middle finger

- suggest that psychological phenomenon can be explained by analyzing early childhood experiences - theorize that these experiences control our behaviors and thoughts our active subconscious mind

-solves problem behaviour by emphasising the person power individual have over their own and be haviours - people chane for themselves - friends and lover also make us better verison of ourselves

indigenization from without and indigenization from within.

-set uo the first psychology laboratory in 1879 - developed the theory of Structuralism -studied sensation and perception and how they affect subjects on conscious mental experiences

proposed the theory of functionalism - address not the individual parts of sensation and perception but their use in the functioning of conscious mind

one of main advocates for Gestalt theory

suggested that people not only analyse sensations one at a time but also lump them together to make a distinct meaningful preceptual experience

-champion the behavioural approach whcih discard thr unconscious as irrelevant and focussed on only observable behaviours -paved the way for Psychological to become a concrete science instead of philosophy

-concentrate on areas like social and personality psychology, development psychology -talk thearpy - did not go to med school - got a degree in psychology, a MD or a PhD - only when they have a PH can they open up a practice/firm

work in a private practice or therapeutic setting

-went to med school - can prescribe medicate less talk thearpy, but more medicine - cannot just book an appointment must get a verferal, by family doctor

- a list of question with prepare M/C answers -is not 100% reliable as theres no obligation to be honest nor is it possible sometimes -probably the most used research method

- is an in depth analysis of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviours, or problems of a single individual - effective tool but only good info for a single person

-minimize the possibility of error, bias and chance effects while being able to identify cause and effect -disadvantages is the amount of time need and dependent on a laboratory setting

what the experimental data is compared to or checked - sometimes ppl use a placebo for a control

a pill that doesn't do anything - a effect that tricks our mind

- the degree to which a cause and an effect are related - describe exactly how the two separate events are related

means that one event has found to cause another - a causal relationship represents a perfect correlation

1) questionaires and interviews 2) laboratory experiments 3) Standard testing 4) animal model

provides insight into an issues through direct one on one questioning -specifically worded questions that gives information as to how a person thinks, feels and behavd

- information is gathered in a fashion that minimizes bias and error by controlling the variable involved - results of experiments is due to the control manipulation

- tests are administered to large numbers of people and can be used to compare individuals to various tests norms -yield data on personality traits, levels of mental functioning emotions and behaviour

- reseachers manipulate animal behaviour , genes or physiology to miniv similar conditions to human -allows researchers to create psychological problems in animals that mirror humans

• It basically guides and tells what we should include and not include with our experiments/studies in our reseach to find more about the human mind • setting the limits on what psychologist can or cannot do • The US uses APA while Canada uses the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists - there's also a unverisal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists • given by the CPA and developed by them in 1986 • every psychologist under them has to follow this conduct

- to protect those involved in psychological experiments • this was created in response to the increasing professionalization of psychology

• Researcher should use deception to get an unbiased and more reliable results from an experiment. As the when participants know what an experiment is testing for, they will skew their answer/preformance to achieve the desired results • This is called confirmation bias

is an expection or belief that can influence your behaviour, causing your belief to be true •  Ex: I will lose weight -> you eat less -> you lose weight • aka Pygmalion Efffect

• It is often done to verfity results of experiments as it removes unintention or intentional bias • Both the participant and the reseacher are unaware of crucial details of experiments • Such as hypothesis, expectations or the allocation of participants • often used in testing new medical drugs/medicine

• Debriefing is a conversation between the experimenter and the partcipants if the experiment needed to use some form of Deception or withholding information • In this conversation they decribe the true events of the study and what they are actually looking for • They also explain why deception was used and the purpose of it

• This is done to follow the rules of the ethic code and to prevent psychology mordity and aiding in recovery (if needed)

• foundation of ethical standards were made in 1970's • written by national commission for the protection of human services of biomedical and behavioural reasearch

• respect for persons • subject have to give informed consent • beneficence • reseachers should try not to have any negative on the wellbeing of the participants • aka do no harm • Justice • researchers should also make sure that the burden of the study and the benefits of the results are distributed fairly

• In 1920 John Watson wanted to show that humans can be condition like dogs - Pavlov's dogs • John used classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby, Albert using animals and scary noises • Albert got present with a fuzzy white rat. If he went to thouch it the psychologist would strike a hammer that would scare him • sooner Albert associated the white rat with the scary noise. He became afraid just by seeing the rat and would crawl away • Watson's experiement failed since he had no controls and only one subject • And Albert never got reconditioned, so the experiments effected him terribly

•  In the late 1930's Wendelll Johnson (physiologist) and Mary Tudor wanted to the how positive and negative feedback impact the way a child learned language. • They took 22 children into 2 groups of 11. 5 kids in each group has early signs of stuttering. • Group 1 got positive feedback such as "you're going outgrow ur stutter/don't mind what people say about you" and they turned out very confident in their speech even when their stutter didn't go away •  Group 2 on the other hand receive negative feedback such as " you shouldn't talk, be quiet" and they turned out with low self- eestem and got mad at themselves everytime they made a mistake • As minors they couldn't give consent to the experiment nor was there a debriefing or follow up after • The people at the orphanage didn't protect them from the potential harm

• 1961 reseacher at Yale Uni Stanley Milgram was interested in the psychology of moral • He wanted to see what partcipants would do if they were pushed to do something that push their morals • Results showed that they were willing to obey people in authority even in morally questionable circumstances

• the more people are there the less of a chance someone will help as they will all think that someone else is going to do it • started with a newsletter syaing that 30 people witness a murder by no one called the police • 1969 John Darley and Bib Latené came up with a way to test though • Partcipants were in a large call and we told it was it was study about emotion issue sthat students were faced (it was not) • It was all recording and one of the recordings was with a person having a serizure and the bigger the groups the longer it took to call for help

• 1971 Philip Zimbardo want to look at how different social roles affect the way people behaved • He stimulated a prison and cast of volunteer as either prisoner or guard wile casting himself as the superintendent • The prisoners were given ID number instead of names ot dehumanize them and the guards were given full authoriy to keep the order and deliver punishments as they saw fit • the experiment end early - 6 days instead of the 2 weeks becasue the environment was just terrible • The prisions were abused in many ways and Ziimbardo was not doing anything

1859 - 1939 founder of psychoanalysis proposed thag ppl are driven by pleasure principle -prosed consious state is only a fractuon of the total psyhe -smoked so much he got jaw cancer

-the idea that desire of id must be satisfied in a method thag is both socially acceptable and realistic people are inclined to easy physical and emotional rewards -according to Fred, the ego follows this principle

id ego supergo

biological component of personality -includes instincts -operates in unconscious mind -follows the pleasure principle

the idea that all of your need should be met immediately

exist in all three levels of consciousness -concern what's social acceptance -last to develop -follows the ego ideal -represents conscious

your view of what's right

- operates in the conscious and preconscious mind -makes decisions and faces the consequences - follows reality principles

- B.F stands for Burrhus -prominent figure in behaviourist -believed that behaviour could be understood and predict through observation of environment stimut and reactions -operant conditioning

learning behaviour is strengthened or weakend by consequence

A - Antecedent -> a stimulus or trigger B - behaviour -> the response to the stimulus/trigger (action) C - consequences -> what happens after the behaviour -> is it good or bad