Midterm

the systemanic, scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

Weighs about 3 pounds Contains 1 trillion cells Glial cells make up the majority of the brain

1. It begins by describing the problem based on observable factors 2. It tries to explain the problem using theory & experimentation 3. Theories are put to the test as psychologists predict future 4. Interventions are putin place to control the problem behaviour

Psychoanalytic,biological, cross- cultural, humanistic, behavioural& cognitive

They form a network around which the developing neurons can grow Insulate neurons to prevent the electrical impulses that carry from being lost or diluted Produced regulatory chemicals that influence the growth and function of neurons

social / cultural influences have after on how we act ex: social norms/peer pressure

Make up the majority of the brain Are the workhorses of the brain Exist to support neurons- do not preform the greatest function of the brain

explains psychological phenomena through natural factors ( genetic, hormone levels, nervous system development

Receive and transmit electrical impulses throughout the brain and spinal cord Humans are unable to regenerate neurons

explains behaviours based on how we process, store, and use information and how this info influes our attention, preception, learning, memory, altitude, beliefs and feelings

Allow us to move, to sense our environment, to remember information, to, and to feel a variety of emotions

We learn behaviours from watching those around us ex: sticking up the middle finger

No, humans cannot regenerate neurons

They are still developing neurons Is not hard-wired yet and have a great degree of flexibility Their brains areas can develop neural networks that substitute for the damaged ones Less life experiences

- suggest that psychological phenomenon can be explained by analyzing early childhood experiences - theorize that these experiences control our behaviors and thoughts our active subconscious mind

Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon Synaptic gap Myelin

-solves problem behaviour by emphasising the person power individual have over their own and be haviours - people chane for themselves - friends and lover also make us better verison of ourselves

- Keeps the cell working in order - Provides energy and manufacturer chemicals involved with basic cellular functions and maintaining electrical potential that allow the neuron to transmit the impulse

indigenization from without and indigenization from within.

-set uo the first psychology laboratory in 1879 - developed the theory of Structuralism -studied sensation and perception and how they affect subjects on conscious mental experiences

Receives impulses from other neurons

proposed the theory of functionalism - address not the individual parts of sensation and perception but their use in the functioning of conscious mind

- Long thread-like structure that carries impulses away from the cell body towards the other neurons - Ends in like a tree branch structure with terminal nodes

one of main advocates for Gestalt theory

- Where the electrical impulses jumps over the synaptic gap - Capable of producing neurotransmitters Simulated by an electrical impulse to release either excitatory or inhibitory

suggested that people not only analyse sensations one at a time but also lump them together to make a distinct meaningful preceptual experience

- The gap between the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another - Passes in the form of chemical neurotransmitters - Gets transformed back into into a electrical impulse when the next dendrite receives it

-champion the behavioural approach whcih discard thr unconscious as irrelevant and focussed on only observable behaviours -paved the way for Psychological to become a concrete science instead of philosophy

- A coat of fatty substance around the axon - Shields the electrical charge from the external environment - Speeds up the rate of the electrical impulse cna travel

-concentrate on areas like social and personality psychology, development psychology -talk thearpy - did not go to med school - got a degree in psychology, a MD or a PhD - only when they have a PH can they open up a practice/firm

- Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system ( the rest of the nerves in the body)

work in a private practice or therapeutic setting

- Bundle of axons and dendrites that originate in the spinal cord - Carries information from the body extremities and organs to the spinal cord and brain then back again - Sensory neurons - spinal cord - motor neurons - Nerves in the peripheral system ( nerve fibers) can re-grow and re-attach

-went to med school - can prescribe medicate less talk thearpy, but more medicine - cannot just book an appointment must get a verferal, by family doctor

- chemical messenger that transmit information between nerve and organ

Increase an action of an organ

- a list of question with prepare M/C answers -is not 100% reliable as theres no obligation to be honest nor is it possible sometimes -probably the most used research method

Decreases an organ’s action

- is an in depth analysis of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviours, or problems of a single individual - effective tool but only good info for a single person

- Made by neurons - Allows them to communicate with each other to carry about mental and physical tasks

-minimize the possibility of error, bias and chance effects while being able to identify cause and effect -disadvantages is the amount of time need and dependent on a laboratory setting

what the experimental data is compared to or checked - sometimes ppl use a placebo for a control

- Caffeine (excitatory) - Alcohol (inhibitory)

a pill that doesn't do anything - a effect that tricks our mind

- GABA -"Acetylcholine - Norepinephrine - Epinephrine -"Dopamine - Serotonin

- the degree to which a cause and an effect are related - describe exactly how the two separate events are related

- Also a neurotransmitter - Serves as the body’s natural painkillers

An involuntary, unlearned reaction to a stimulus sensory or afferent neurons carry information to spinal cord

means that one event has found to cause another - a causal relationship represents a perfect correlation

- nerve cell that carries information about changes in external and internal environments to the central nervous system - Another name is Afferent Neuron

1) questionaires and interviews 2) laboratory experiments 3) Standard testing 4) animal model

provides insight into an issues through direct one on one questioning -specifically worded questions that gives information as to how a person thinks, feels and behavd

- Located in the spinal cord - the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system

- information is gathered in a fashion that minimizes bias and error by controlling the variable involved - results of experiments is due to the control manipulation

the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action

- tests are administered to large numbers of people and can be used to compare individuals to various tests norms -yield data on personality traits, levels of mental functioning emotions and behaviour

Involves feeling sensations and movements coming from an limb that is missing

- is the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch, as well as temperature, body position, and pain - t is a subset of the sensory nervous system, which also represents visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli

- reseachers manipulate animal behaviour , genes or physiology to miniv similar conditions to human -allows researchers to create psychological problems in animals that mirror humans

• It basically guides and tells what we should include and not include with our experiments/studies in our reseach to find more about the human mind • setting the limits on what psychologist can or cannot do • The US uses APA while Canada uses the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists - there's also a unverisal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists • given by the CPA and developed by them in 1986 • every psychologist under them has to follow this conduct

biology and environment

are caused with difference in our genetic code - DNA

- to protect those involved in psychological experiments • this was created in response to the increasing professionalization of psychology

- made up of 4 bases - base pairs form an interconnected lattice shape of a double helix

• Researcher should use deception to get an unbiased and more reliable results from an experiment. As the when participants know what an experiment is testing for, they will skew their answer/preformance to achieve the desired results • This is called confirmation bias

is an expection or belief that can influence your behaviour, causing your belief to be true •  Ex: I will lose weight -> you eat less -> you lose weight • aka Pygmalion Efffect

- Coiled pairs of genes that produce specific physiological traits in people - Act individually or interact with each other to get these individuals characteristics - Units of genetic material made up of DNA - Also code for specific protein

• It is often done to verfity results of experiments as it removes unintention or intentional bias • Both the participant and the reseacher are unaware of crucial details of experiments • Such as hypothesis, expectations or the allocation of participants • often used in testing new medical drugs/medicine

- is a strand of tightly coiled DNA molecules - Complete human genetic complement consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes - During fertilisation 23 chromosomes from each parent come together to form a zygote - Have total of 46 chromosomes in each cell

- Can cause defects since they cannot produce the right protein - Lactose intolerance, colour blindness, haemophilia - Most common genetic disorder is fragile-X syndrome - Cause physical abnormalities and affect brain functioning

• Debriefing is a conversation between the experimenter and the partcipants if the experiment needed to use some form of Deception or withholding information • In this conversation they decribe the true events of the study and what they are actually looking for • They also explain why deception was used and the purpose of it

- Survival through environmental adaptation - 98% of our genome is shared with chimpanzees but our brain is 3x larger - We develop more of our frontal lobe

• This is done to follow the rules of the ethic code and to prevent psychology mordity and aiding in recovery (if needed)

- The removal of the front third of the frontal lobe - In order to treat emotional disturbed patients - Had a bit of success however socialisation problems and inability to make out or carry out even simple tasks

• foundation of ethical standards were made in 1970's • written by national commission for the protection of human services of biomedical and behavioural reasearch

• respect for persons • subject have to give informed consent • beneficence • reseachers should try not to have any negative on the wellbeing of the participants • aka do no harm • Justice • researchers should also make sure that the burden of the study and the benefits of the results are distributed fairly

- A narrow strip of the cortex located on the rear edge of the frontal lobe - Responsible of the initiation of all voluntary muscle movements

A visual representation of the functional areas of the motor cortex

• In 1920 John Watson wanted to show that humans can be condition like dogs - Pavlov's dogs • John used classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby, Albert using animals and scary noises • Albert got present with a fuzzy white rat. If he went to thouch it the psychologist would strike a hammer that would scare him • sooner Albert associated the white rat with the scary noise. He became afraid just by seeing the rat and would crawl away • Watson's experiement failed since he had no controls and only one subject • And Albert never got reconditioned, so the experiments effected him terribly

•  In the late 1930's Wendelll Johnson (physiologist) and Mary Tudor wanted to the how positive and negative feedback impact the way a child learned language. • They took 22 children into 2 groups of 11. 5 kids in each group has early signs of stuttering. • Group 1 got positive feedback such as "you're going outgrow ur stutter/don't mind what people say about you" and they turned out very confident in their speech even when their stutter didn't go away •  Group 2 on the other hand receive negative feedback such as " you shouldn't talk, be quiet" and they turned out with low self- eestem and got mad at themselves everytime they made a mistake • As minors they couldn't give consent to the experiment nor was there a debriefing or follow up after • The people at the orphanage didn't protect them from the potential harm

- An area of the brian responsible for motivating behaviours (basic drive), organising emotional behaviours, and storing memories - Comprised of a group of connected structures making up the core of the forebrain - Considered a primitive brain area b/c closely involved with instinctual behaviours - Consists of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus

• 1961 reseacher at Yale Uni Stanley Milgram was interested in the psychology of moral • He wanted to see what partcipants would do if they were pushed to do something that push their morals • Results showed that they were willing to obey people in authority even in morally questionable circumstances

- Control centre of emotions in the brain - Controls biological drives and emotional behaviours - Involved with the secretion of hormones at onset of puberty - Controls the activation of the flight and fight responses - Manages the endocrine system

• the more people are there the less of a chance someone will help as they will all think that someone else is going to do it • started with a newsletter syaing that 30 people witness a murder by no one called the police • 1969 John Darley and Bib Latené came up with a way to test though • Partcipants were in a large call and we told it was it was study about emotion issue sthat students were faced (it was not) • It was all recording and one of the recordings was with a person having a serizure and the bigger the groups the longer it took to call for help

- involved in recognition, perception, and remembering of emotional experiences - Recognizes and remembers emotional facial expressions - Helps analyse the expressions of others and remembers which expressions have led to negative outcomes in the past - Protects us from potential harm

- Serves a relay centre for sensory information - Processes sensory signals just enough to know which brain area send them to - Relays sensory information to the somatosensory cortex, primary auditory complex, and the primary visual cortex from all the sensory neurons all over the body

• 1971 Philip Zimbardo want to look at how different social roles affect the way people behaved • He stimulated a prison and cast of volunteer as either prisoner or guard wile casting himself as the superintendent • The prisoners were given ID number instead of names ot dehumanize them and the guards were given full authoriy to keep the order and deliver punishments as they saw fit • the experiment end early - 6 days instead of the 2 weeks becasue the environment was just terrible • The prisions were abused in many ways and Ziimbardo was not doing anything

1859 - 1939 founder of psychoanalysis proposed thag ppl are driven by pleasure principle -prosed consious state is only a fractuon of the total psyhe -smoked so much he got jaw cancer

- Directly connected with remembering - Process sensory and short term memory - Turning short term memory into long term memory

-the idea that desire of id must be satisfied in a method thag is both socially acceptable and realistic people are inclined to easy physical and emotional rewards -according to Fred, the ego follows this principle

- Serves control centre - Instead of relying on nerve they rely on hormones to control what does on in the body - Made up of a series of glands located throughout the body - The glands produce hormones that affect organs, muscles and other glands in the body pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads

- Divided into two lobes: posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary - Labelled due to their location on the brain - posterior (rear) and anterior (front) - Located directly below the hypothalamus

id ego supergo

biological component of personality -includes instincts -operates in unconscious mind -follows the pleasure principle

Controls the body’s water and salt balance

- Regulates growth - Produces human growth hormone - Also produces hormones that control adrenal cortex, pancreas, thyroid and gonads

the idea that all of your need should be met immediately

exist in all three levels of consciousness -concern what's social acceptance -last to develop -follows the ego ideal -represents conscious

Allows the body to process sugar and remove them from the bloodstream