Year: Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist, and anthropologist) expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is, cells develop only from existing cells (cells come from preexisting cells).

1858

Year: Zacharias Janssen is credited with the first compound microscope.

1595

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: Proteins with different structures perform different functions. Heart muscle cells have a different structure and function than stomach muscle cells.

Structure and function

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals. These conditions may, however, change from one moment to the next.

Homeostasis

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: Looks at the way organisms adapt to the environment to improve survival odds. All life on the planet exists because it evolves to best fit the environmental conditions, and those who adapt best, pass on those characteristics to their offspring. If a species does not adapt or evolve, it dies.

Evolution

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive germline cells that will form new individuals.

Reproduction

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: All of this diverse life on Earth would not exist if not for the complex and dynamic interactions between organisms.

Interdependence

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: The passing on of traits from parents to their offspring.

Heredity

THEMES IN BIOLOGY: The chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy. Our bodies need this energy to do everything from moving to thinking to growing. Specific proteins in the body control these biochemical reactions.

Metabolism

List the 8 characteristics of life and explain them in a sentence or two.

This refers to the attraction between water molecules, causing them to stick together. It contributes to water's high surface tension, allowing certain objects to float.

Cohesion

It is the attraction between water molecules and other substances. It results in capillary action, where water can move upward in narrow tubes against the force of gravity.

Adhesion

It arises from the cohesive forces between water molecules at the surface. It creates a "skin" on the water's surface, supporting small objects and organisms like water striders.

Surface tension

Water is unique because its solid form (ice) is less dense than its liquid form. This is due to the arrangement of molecules in the ice lattice, causing it to float.

Density

Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a positive and a negative end. This property allows water to dissolve a wide range of substances, making it an excellent solvent.

Polarity

Water has a high specific ______ ______, meaning it can absorb and retain a significant amount of heat without a drastic temperature change. This property stabilizes temperatures in aquatic environments.

Heat capacity

Due to its polarity, water is often called the _______ as it can dissolve a variety of solutes, facilitating crucial biological and chemical processes.

Universal solvent

The genetic material in living organisms, composed of two long chains forming a double helix.

DNA

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).

Nucleotide

The twisted ladder structure formed by two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds, creating the shape of DNA.

Double helix

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases between complementary strands of DNA (adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine).

Base pairing

Refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands in a DNA molecule, where one runs 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

Antiparallel

Bases that adhere to each other due to hydrogen bonding; adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

Complementary

The process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself during cell division, ensuring genetic continuity.

Replication

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, a key step in gene expression.

Transcription

The process where the information encoded in RNA is used to build a corresponding protein.

Translation

The complete set of genetic material present in an organism, including all its genes.

Genome

Summarize the concepts related to the structure of DNA.

Smithers’ thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks. Identify the CONTROL GROUP.

Most common elements in living things.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about how many percent of your body weight?

95%

All compounds can be classified in these two broad categories

Organic, Inorganic

Chemical compounds that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, along with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens. These compounds form the basis of life and are commonly associated with living organisms.

Organic

Chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. They may consist of elements other than carbon, such as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Inorganic

How many bonds can carbon form in total?

A large, complex molecule composed of smaller subunits or monomers that are covalently bonded together.

Macromolecule

Four Classes of Macromolecules

Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid, Nucleic acid

Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form.

If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements CHO, how are they different?

Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates.

Protein molecules that act as biological catalysts.

Enzyme

A semipermeable lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Cell membrane

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the input of energy, driven by concentration gradients.

Passive transport

The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires energy expenditure, often against concentration gradients.

Active transport

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

The passive movement of substances across the membrane with the assistance of transport proteins.

Facilitated diffusion

The process by which cells engulf large particles or fluids by wrapping the cell membrane around them.

Endocytosis

The expulsion of substances from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

The property of a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.

Selective permeability

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, influencing the direction of passive transport.

Concentration gradient

Enumerate the stages of mitosis and describe the events that occur during each stage.

How many chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis?

How many are in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis?

The little orange T shaped things on the cell are:

What happens to the centrioles during mitosis?

Molecules that collect light energy are called...

Photopigments

Chlorophyll a and b absorb _____ and ____ wavelengths of light best.

Blue-violet and red

The gel-filled space inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid stacks.

Stroma

Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Temperature, Water, Light intensity

Mem'rize adi tih

The Process of Photosynthesis

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a living organism to maintain life.

Metabolism

The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy.

Anabolism

The set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.

Catabolism

A molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells.

ATP

The initial stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.

Glycolysis

The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients (e.g., glucose) and convert it into ATP.

Cellular respiration

A series of chemical reactions that complete the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration.

Citric acid cycle

The final stage of cellular respiration, involving the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The process by which plants and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Photosynthesis

Process of Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Cell respiration

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O

Photosynthesis