PROTEINS

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are recognized as the most diverse among the biomolecules.

Proteins

Proteins are believed to be the central compound necessary for life, which is why they are also called life's "—"

building blocks.

also play major roles as ENZYMES, HORMONES, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES involved with digestion, respiration, reproduction, and even normal vision, to name a few.

Proteins

Proteins are composed of chains of —

amino acids.

Amino acids contain an — and an —.

amino group (-NH) acid group (-COOH)

The third group is called an —, which helps distinguish the amino acid from others, because its specific name and function in the body will depend on the sets of chemicals that are in this group.

R group

are capable of making amino acids for themselves.

Plants

On the other hand, —, including —, cannot make amino acids themselves. So, they must take in proteins as part of their diet.

animals humans

Once consumed, these proteins are broken down into — that can form other types of proteins.

amino acids

The amino acid requirements of humans are classified into three groups

essential nonessential conditional

The — are those that cannot be produced by our bodies, which is why they should be present in our daily diet.

essential amino acids

The — are those that can be produced by our bodies.

nonessential amino acids

Finally, the — are not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress.

conditional amino acids

When our cells need proteins, the body communicates with the brain to send a message to the — to release instructions to produce specific amino acids and the order in which they must connect to build the protein.

DNA

The DNA works with the — to make this possible. The — copies a code from the DNA and searches for the target amino acid. Once found, the RNA binds itself to a short but growing amino acid chain, or a peptide, as it goes back to the cell. During this process, the specific amino acid should be ready or else, no protein synthesis will proceed.

RNA

Amino acids with different R groups are joined together by the formation of —.

peptide bonds

A — is a type of chemical bond that forms when a carboxyl group (-COOH) of one molecule reacts with an amino group (-NH) from the other molecule, releasing water in the process.

peptide bond

Whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, the peptide's — will help determine the structure of the protein.

R groups

There are four levels of structure to describe a protein:

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

This is the simplest structure of all the proteins.

Primary structure

This is composed only of a linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain.

Primary structure

This is a three-dimensional shape created by several hydrogen b.

Secondary structure.

The first two patterns of the secondary structure were first predicted by—.

Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951

They called the coiling structure as — because it was the first pattern they had discovered.

alpha (a) helix

The second shape that was discovered was called the —, which is wavelike in appearance.

beta (B) pleated sheet

are secondary structural proteins. Examples include the keratin in hair and the silk in spider webs.

Fibrous proteins

This refers to the three-dimensional shape of a peptide, which can either be FIBROUS OR GLOBULAr in structure.

Tertiary structure

Most substances that take on the tertiary structure are the nonstructural proteins such as —.

enzymes

They appear to be SPHERICAL OR GLOBULAR in shape because of the three-dimensional shape of the peptide chain.

Tertiary

. This happens when proteins have more than one polypeptide.

Quaternary structure

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