Types of Communicative Strategy

56問 • 1年前

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— defines communicative strategy as a systematic technique that a speaker uses to share messages and express meanings when faced with challenges and difficultyin communication.

S.P. CORDER (1983)

BELIEVES STRATEGIES MUST BE EMPLOYED IN ORDER TO START AND MAINTAIN CONVERSATIONS WHILE ACCOMODATING THEINTERESTS AND GOALS OFTHE PARTICIPANTS.

A.D. COHEN (1990)

7 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

NR -3T- RT NOMINATION RESTRICTION TURN-TAKING TOPIC-CONTROL TOPIC SHIFTING REPAIR TERMINATION

• USED TO OPEN UP THE CONVERSATION

NOMINATION

• REFERS TO ESTABLISHING A TOPIC WITH COLLABORATION AND PRODUCTIVITY

NOMINATION

DECLARATIVE OR INTERROGATIVE

DIRECT NOMINATION

BECAUSE OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION PUT FORWARD RESPECT

INDIRECT

REFERS TO THE LIMITATIONS THAT PARTICIPANTS HAVE AS SPEAKERS DURING AN ENGAGEMENT.

RESTRICTION

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS ARE PROVIDED THAT LIMIT WHAT PARTICIPANTS CAN SAY AND DO.

RESTRICTION

THE PROCESS WHICH PARTICIPANTS DECIDE AND AGREE UPON WHO MAY SPEAK AND TAKE THE CONVERSATIONAL ORDER.

TURN-TAKING

THERE ARE NO RULES, IT IS JUST BASED ON INTUITION TO KNOW WHEN IT IS TIME TO SPEAK OR JUST USES CUES TO SIGNAL THAT HE OR SHE IS DONE TALKING.

TURN-TAKING

TRANSITION RELEVANCE PLACES (ANTHONY LIDDICOT 2007) -

SIGNALS Delivering Proper Info Asking questions Calling the name of the person Using gestures Making eye contact Creating silence

DELIVERING PROPER INFORMATION • FALLING INTONATION = • RISING INTONATION = • PROLONGED SOUND =

END OF THE STATEMENT DENOTES A QUESTION CONTINUE THE SENTENCE

ASKING QUESTIONS • QUESTIONS = • QUESTIONS =

ANOTHER PERSON HAS TO SPEAK NEXT BECAUSE AN ANSWER IS EXPECTED. ASK INFORMATION, YES/NO, CONFIRMATION

CALLING THE NAME OF THE PERSON • MENTIONING THE NAME OF THE PERSON ALLOWS THAT PERSON TO KNOW THAT IT IS —

HIS OR HER TURN TO SPEAK

• LAYING THE HAND TOWARD THE DIRECTION OF THE PERSON • POINTING TO THE PERSON (RESPECTFULLY) • TAPPING SHOULDERS • SPREADING BOTH HANDS IN FRONT = ANYONE CAN SPEAK • RAISING HAND = YOU WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK

USING GESTURES

• — CAN ALREADY HELP THE SPEAKER THAT IS IS ANOTHER PERSON’S TURN TO SPEAK, ESPECIALLY WHEN COMBINED TO AN ENDING STATEMENT/QUESTION

EYE CONTACT

CREATING SILENCE • THE SPEAKER STOP TALKING = • SHORT PAUSES =

opportunity to respond sign to intervene

TRANSITION RELEVANCE PLACES (ANTHONY LIDDICOT 2007)

COMMUNICATION DISRUPTIONS Gaps silence Overlaps Interruption Grabbing and Hogging the floor

• TRANSITION SPACE WHERE THERE IS A PAUSE OF SILENCE BETWEEN OR AMONG PARTICIPANTS.

GAPS

• HAPPEN AS A RESULT OF NOT PROPERLY ASSIGNING OR IMPLYING WHO WILL SPEAK NEXT = DEAD AIR/TERMINATION OF THE CONVERSATION

GAPS

• = NOT PROVIDING CUES WHO WILL SPEAK NEXT/NOT PROPERLY MANAGING THE TOPIC (NOT MUCH TO TALK OR REACT TO)

TOTAL SILENCE

• HAPPENS WHEN THE LISTENER WANTS TO CHIME IN

OVERLAPS

• = A PERSON INTERRUPTS THE SPEAKER

CHIMING IN

• WHEN OVERLAP HAPPEN.

INTERRUPTION

• = ANOTHER PERSON INTERRUPTS AND THE INTERRUPTION IS WELCOMED. IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY ATTEMPT TO ARGUE OR CONTRADICT STATEMENTS OF THE SPEAKER, JUST ADDITIONAL IDEAS.

CHIPPING IN

• = MORE INTERRUPTIVE BECAUSE IT IS USUALLY LOUD AND OVERPOWERING DELIVERY AS WELL AS CLASHING OF OPINIONS.

BUTTING IN

= HAPPENS WHEN THE CURRENT SPEAKER IS NOT YET FINISHED EXPRESSING HIS OR HER MESSAGE, BUT THE TIME TO SPEAK IS GRABBED FROM HIM OR HER BY ANOTHER PERSON.

GRABBING

• = DOES NOT ALLOW ANY OTHER PERSON TO SPEAK BY NOT PROVIDING CUES. OTHER PARTICIPANTS MAY FEEL VOICELESS.

HOGGING

= HOW THE TOPIC OF THE CONVERSATION IS AFFECTED BY THE FORMALITY OR INFORMALITY OF THE CONVERSATION (SPEECH STYLE).

TOPIC CONTROL

• IT MUST BE CONTROLLED BASED ON — OF THE CONVERSATION.

THE GOAL

= MOVEMENT FROM ONE TOPIC TO ANOTHER.

TOPIC SHIFTING

FOUR CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS —

PAUL GRICE (1975) Quality Quantity Relation Manner

- ANSWERING WITH TRUE INFORMATION

MAXIM OF QUALITY

- OFFERING THE PROPER AMOUNT OF INFORMATION

MAXIM OF QUANTITY

Speaker A: Do you know if Katie did well with her exams? Speaker B: Yes, I do. She did really well and got an A! Speaker A: What did you have for breakfast this morning? Speaker B: I had some toast and jam.

MAXIM OF QUANTITY

- PROVIDING RELEVANT INFORMATION TO THE TOPIC

MAXIM OF RELATION

Speaker A: Do you think Gab is dating someone new? Speaker B: Well, he goes to Cavite most weekends.

Maxim if relation

- PARTICIPANTS’ EFFORT TO AVOID AMBIGUITY

MAXIM OF MANNER

Speaker A: I hear you went to the opera last night; how was the lead singer? Speaker B: The singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from 'Rigoletto'.

MAXIM OF MANNER

• REFERS TO HOW SPEAKERS ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS THAT ARISE DURING INTERACTION BASED ON THE PROCESSES AVAILABLE TO THEM.

REPAIR

• GOAL = ENSURE THAT PARTICIPANTS ARE ABLE TO ACHIEVE THEIR PURPOSES OF INTERACTION WITHOUT AFFECTING THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM NEGATIVELY

REPAIR

1. THE SPEAKER IS THE SOURCE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE ONE WHO RESOLVES IT.

SELF-INITIATED SELF-REPAIR

2. THE SPEAKER COMMITS THE MISTAKE OR PROBLEM, BUT THE RECEIVER IS THE ONE WHO RESOLVES IT.

SELF-INITIATED OTHER-REPAIR

THE RECEIVER OF THE MESSAGE IS THE SOURCE OF THE PROBLEM, BUT THE SPEAKER RESOLVES IT IN THE NEXT TURN.

OTHER-INITIATED SELF-REPAIR

THE RECEIVER ENCOUNTERS A PROBLEM AND RESOLVES IT.

OTHER-INITIATED OTHER-REPAIR

• REFERS TO EXPRESSIONS THAT INITIATE THE END OF THE CONVERSATION.

TERMINATION

• THE CONVERSATION IS BEST TERMINATED WHEN IT HAS BEEN ENSURED THAT ALL PARTICIPANTS HAVE BEEN GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO —

TALK

• PAIR OF DISCOURSE MARKERS THAT DECLARES THAT THE CONVERSATION HAS ENDED, APPEARING CONSECUTIVELY IN THE CONVERSATION.

TERMINAL SEQUENCE

• IT IS USUALLY EXPRESSED BY BOTH PARTICIPANTS SO THAT THEY BOTH AGREE TO THE TERMINATION.

TERMINAL SEQUENCE

• CUE THAT PARTICIPANTS USE TO EXPRESS THAT THEY HAVE ALREADY ACHIEVED THEIR PURPOSE, SIGNALING THE EVENTUAL USE OF TERMINAL SEQUENCE.

PRE-CLOSING SEQUENCE

CLOSING IMPLICATIVE ENVIRONMENTS

ANNOUNCING CLOSURE SUGGESTING ARRANGEMENTS SUMMARIZING EXPRESSING EMOTIONS

• -EXPLICITLY DECLARES HE/SHE HAS TO END THE CONVERSATION

ANNOUNCING CLOSURE

- ARRANGE THE NEXT POSSIBLE INTERACTION

SUGGESTING ARRANGEMENTS

- RUNDOWN OF WHAT HAS BEEN TRANSPIRED IN THE CONVERSATION

SUMMARIZING

-EXPRESS THEIR APPRECIATION OF THE OTHER PERSON

EXPRESSING EMOTIONS

ALERTNESS

Trix Soriano · 24問 · 2年前

ALERTNESS