socio part 7,3

20問 • 3年前

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It involves the administration of alternate forms of the instrument to the same group. This is actually a disguised test-retest in which hopefully, the subjects do not realize that they are being retested.

Multiple Forms

were the first developed. Thurstone has actually devised various techniques for developing scales, but all shared in common, that is, the use of judges to select items.

Thurstone scales

are the scales most commonly used in attitudinal research; it is named after Rensis Likert who developed the procedure. Likert scales consist of a simple summation of usually, five-point bipolar responses ranging from not effective to very effective.

Likert scales

it is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data or information, with the goal of highlighting useful data or information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making.

Data analysis

involves summarizing and using one variable statistics. The initial step in data analysis is a marginal run. It is called “running the margins” because it consists of single variable tabulations of the type data that appear in the margins of tables to be constructed later.

Data presentation

It is the calculation of summary statistics, it is standard procedure for the researcher to summarize and group data into a form that is more easily interpreted by the reader

Frequency Distribution

are simply circle or pie, whose pieces represent proportions of some phenomenon and a total of 100.

Pie Charts

are consisting of rectangles. The width often represents the class intervals, and the height represents quantity or amount.

Bar graphs

In frequency polygons) or line charts, the frequency or percentage of the midpoint of each score value is plotted and connected by a straight line that begins and ends at the baseline.

Frequency Polygons

should be viewed with care. They are the most aggregate representation of NCRS data. They convey the annual reported crime experience by showing a relative frequency of occurrence of offenses

crime clocks

assumes some interval level measurement, and that the sample is representatively drawn from a normal or bell-shaped population distribution.

parametric statistics

Are appropriate for ordinal and nominal data, and are often referred to as “distribution-free statistics,” that is, statistics in which few assumptions need to be made regarding the normality of the distribution.

Non-parametric statistics

it is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score. Although the mode can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio, it is the only one that is appropriate for the nominal level

mode

are numerical tools used by researcher to help them describe and explain phenomena.

Statistics

it is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal or ranked data. It is the score that divides the distribution in half, so that 50 percent of the scores are above the median, and 50 percent are below the median.

median

The _______ or average is the most familiar measures of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total N or the number of cases.

mean

it is the simplest measure of dispersion, and represents either the highest and lowest scores, or the distance between the highest and lowest scores 10- 1, the readers would have identified only 9 units from 1 – 10;

range

This is a way of describing the central position of a frequency distribution for a group of data.

Measures of Central Tendency

This is a way of summarizing a group of data by describing how the scores spread out. For example, the mean score of the 100 students may be 65 out of 100. However, not all students will have scored 65. Rather, their scores will be spread out.

Measures of Spread

it is very important because if the researcher simply presented the raw data it would be hard to visualize what the data was showing, especially if there was a lot of it.

Descriptive statistics

Lea set A

Christian Jay Santos · 53問 · 3年前

Lea set A