BALLISTICS

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also known as exterior ballistics, involves the study of projectile's behavior from the time it leaves the gun until it ends its flight.

EXTERNAL BALLISTICS

of projectiles are the more important ballistic phenomena studied by exterior ballisticians. Significant factors that affect these external ballistics phenomena

TRAJECTORY, VELOCITY AND RANGE

this is the ballistics phenomena follows are:

Interior ballistics data such as: shape of projectile, caliber of the projectile, projectile weight and rotation of the bullet (WT Initial velocity (IV) which is also called muzzle velocity Air resistance also called aerodynamic drag Drift Projectiles stability Gravitational pull

means a path that becomes more and more curves as range increases and velocity drops off. The bullet actually starts to drop the moment it leaves the gun muzzle

PARABOLIC TRAJECTORY

refers to the curved path of projectile from the moment it leaves the gun muzzle until it hits the target. Galileo claimed that the trajectory of projectile is like a parabola however this is true only in a vacuum

TRAJECTORY

There are two principal factors that influence the trajectory of a short-range projectile These are

GRAVITATIONAL PULL CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR THROUGH WHICH IT PASSES

significantly affects the normal trajectory of projectiles. It refers to the lateral deviation of the bullet's trajectory from the vertical plane through the axis of the bore caused by the rotation of the projectile

DRIFT

For spinning elongated projectiles (like rifle bullets), the drift is caused by three conditions:

Gyroscopic action Magnus effect Cushioning effect

the distance within which the shooter has control of his shots such that he can place his bullets at specific spots

ACCURATE RANGE

simply refers to the linear distance between the gun muzzle and the target

RANGE

the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled from a firearm.

MAXIMUM RANGE

simply refers to the projectile's rate of speed per unit of time, which is usually measured in ft/sec

VELOCITY OF PROJECTILES

The two kinds of velocities studied in exterior ballistics are

muzzle velocity and projectile velocity

The speed with which a projectile leaves a gun barrel or a launcher is called the

muzzle velocity or projectile's initial velocity

motion can be compared with two other conditions called instability and super stability.

STABILITY OF PROJECTILE

stability projectile motion can be compared with two other conditions called

INSTABILITY and super stability

are undesirable conditions for most conventional projectiles.

INSTABILITY AND SUPER STABILITY

Stability in flight is ordinarily achieved by

Placing fins on the rear of the projectile, or Giving the projectile a rapid spin along its axis by rifling in the bore of a gun.

Stillness of rapid spinning motion of an elongated projectile that enables it to achieve its highest momentum for stability is called

GYROSCOPIC ACTION

provides static stability of bullets. If the gyroscopic effect takes place the bullet responds to the wind force by moving its nose into the direction of the overturning momentum.

GYROSCOPIC ACTION

Bullets from rifles and handguns spin at about.

2,000 to 3,000 revolutions per second.

is considerably important in evaluating gunshot wounds. A bullet with tail- wag does not strike its target cleanly. Base lang ang gumagalaw ( Pressure behind the base it leaves the muzzle

TAIL-WAG OR YAWING

This is the force that opposes the forward motion of projectiles

AIR RESISTANCE OR AERO DYNAMIC DRAG

were both greatly interested in the force called air resistance, usually called drag, which reduces the speed of a projectile

GALILEO AND NEWTON

The first determinations of the drag projectiles in flight were made by Benjamin Robins, using the

BALLISTIC PENDULUM

He found that the average value of drag-induced deceleration was about 80 times the acceleration of gravity.

BENJAMIN ROBINS

The drag of projectile moving forward has three parts:

Bow resistance Skin friction Base drag

Once a projectile reaches the summit of its trajectory,

GRAVITATIONAL PULL

makes the projectile fall toward the earth while in flight.

GRAVITATIONAL PULL OR FORCE OF GRAVITY

deals with the destructive actions and effects of projectile at the end of its flight, That object should be the target of the shooter.

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

Damage to a target can be produced by:

1. Impact 2. Blast 3. Heat 4. Fragmentation 5. Fireworker 6. Radiation 7. Chemical or bacteriological action

A projectile's ability to damage a target depends on the size, ____ including the composition of the target

size, shape, weight, speed and composition of the projectile

depth of bullet penetration on the target.

TERMINAL PENETRATION

the striking power of the bullet upon impact

TERMINAL ENERGY

speed of the projectile when it strikes the target

TERMINAL VELOCITY

size of the bullet group on the target.

TERMINAL ACCURACY

Traditional types of solid projectiles designed to achieve high penetration include

steel-jacketed rifle bullets and armor-piercing bullets.

When a projectile hits its target, terminal ballistics phenomenon that occurs may be one or a combination of the following

1. Indentation 2. Penetration 3. Perforation 4. Ricochet 5. Fragmentation 6. Detonation and other related blast phenomena 7. Combustion and incendiary effect

is said to result from a partial penetration

CRATER

while a face-to-face opening is called

PERFORATION

occurs when the stress intensities of impact exceed the yield stress of the target.

PENETRATION

causes ductile and brittle failure in thin targets and hydrodynamic flow of material in thick targets

PENETRATION

If the target is resistant to the bullet, ricochet occurs more frequently as the impact angle increases. For firings at a given speed, the angle at which one-half of the rounds ricochet is called

RICOCHET

The physical action of high explosives is called

DETONATION AND FRAGMENTATION

The resulting narrow- reaction zone is called

DETONATION WAVE

It is the study of the effects of projectile to the human body. is mainly concerned with the mechanisms and medical implications of trauma caused by bullets and explosively driven fragments.

WOUND BALLISTICS

An open wound produced by the penetration of bullet slug within the tissues of the body

GUN SHOT WOUND

These are seen at the entrance of the wounds margin due to pressure

CONTUSION COLLAR

The skin is to be depressed and as the bullet lacerated the skin, the depressed portion will be scrapped. Seen at the entrance of the wounds margin due to rough surface of the bullet.

ABRASION COLLAR

Kinds of Gun Shot Wounds

LOOSE CONTACT/ NEAR FIRE SHORT RANGE MEDIUM RANGE LONG RANGE

less than 1 cm from surface of body

Loose contact/near fire

1-15 cm. distance

Short range

fix more than 15 cm but less than 60 cm

Medium range

more than 60 cm

Long-range

IT IS THE TYPE OF

WIND FORCE GRAVITY AIR RESISTANCE

is caused by the sudden application of a cross wind to be bullet at the muzzle which cause a jump of the bullet

AERO DYNAMIC JUMP

ito Yung tagal pag nagkaroon ng aero dynamic jump

10 miles per hour

spin rate ng bullet

2,000 to 3,000 spin in seconds

impact of the bullet once it on air during it's flight

MAGNUS EFFECT

density of air comes of contact that bullet during it's flight

CUSHIONING EFFECT

shot fired so closed to the target that no sighting is necessary for effective aiming

POINT BLANK RANGE

temporarily receive the impact of the bullet part of the body recieve the energy from impact

TEMPORARY CAVITY

actual path the bullet travels upon penetration inside the target

PRIMARY CAVITY

this is the create damage

IMPACT DAMAGE

is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light.

radiation

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Adrian Balmes · 37問 · 2年前

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