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FIELD METHODS

FIELD METHODS
40問 • 2年前
  • Angel Arce
  • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    It is a systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering, recording and critical analyzing and interpreting of all facts about the phenomenon.

    research

  • 2

    On the basis of its structure, the word research or re- search inplies that the person has

    to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more

  • 3

    is an endeavor/attempt to discover, develop and verify knowledge.

    research

  • 4

    an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.

    research

  • 5

    involves holding on to ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of superstition.

    the method of tenacity

  • 6

    This method has one flaw: the information obtained may not be reliable.

    the method of tenacity

  • 7

    information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling.”

    the method of intuition

  • 8

    it lacks a mechanism for distinguishing between correct and incorrect knowledge.

    the method of intuition

  • 9

    • a person relies on information or answers from an expert in the subject area.

    the method if authority/ faith

  • 10

    It does not always provide accurate information, answers obtained from an expert could represent subjective, personal opinion rather than true expert knowledge, expertise in one area can be generalized to other topics, not all “experts” are experts. The Ra

    the method of authority/ faith

  • 11

    aka rationalism, involves seeking answers by logical reasoning

    the rational method

  • 12

    if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid

    the rational method

  • 13

    attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience

    the empirical method

  • 14

    Sensory experience can be deceptive, usually time consuming and sometimes dangerous.

    the empirical method

  • 15

    includes surveys and fact -finding inquiries of different kinds (Ex post VS. facto) -the researcher has no control over the variables - survey methods of all kinds

    discriptive

  • 16

    -use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

    analytical

  • 17

    finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business org.

    applied

  • 18

    -concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory

    fundamental

  • 19

    measurement of quantity or amount - It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.

    quantitative

  • 20

    -concerned with phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind -discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in-depth interviews for the purpose

    qualitative

  • 21

    -confined to a single time-period

    one-time

  • 22

    -carried on over several time-periods -participants are tracked over many years - e.g. of this category are historical, Case study, and Genetic research

    longitudinal

  • 23

    -a study that is conducted in the real world, in a natural environment -surveys, observational research

    field setting

  • 24

    -Small group study of random behavior, play, and role analysis - Use of audio- visual recording devices, use of observers, etc -experiments, controlled observation under controlled condition

    laboratory

  • 25

    -development of hypotheses rather than their testing

    exploratory

  • 26

    -with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested

    formalized

  • 27

    Two groups: ‘experimental’ group and ‘control’ group ◍ Participants are allocated randomly to one group or the other ◍ Performance is compared after the experimental group have received treatment

    post test only/ control group design

  • 28

    It requires at least four groups: two are experimental groups and two are control groups. ◍ One of the experimental groups and one of the control groups receive a pre- test.

    solomon four group design

  • 29

    the next logical step in a long research process where laboratory-based experimental findings need to be tested in practical situations to see if the findings are really useful.

    qusi experimental design

  • 30

    Everyone is given a pre-test before the treatment is administered to the experimental group

    post test pre testcontrol group design

  • 31

    Requiring a pre-test as well as posttest. ◍ The pre-test allows us to have some idea of how similar the control and treatment group were before the intervention.

    NECG

  • 32

    Involve having only one sample but taking measurements of the dependent variable on three or more occasions. ◍ Sometimes referred to as interrupted time series designs as the treatment intervention ‘interrupts’ an otherwise seamless time series of observations.

    time series design

  • 33

    Combination of time series with non- equivalent control group design. ◍ Also called the multiple time-series design

    time series eith NECG (TSNECG)

  • 34

    It gives every unit in the population an equal probability of selection ◍ Referred to as epsem (for Equal Probability of SElection Method) ◍ Every population unit must be assigned a unique identification number ranging from 1 to N and the random numbers between 1 to N are drawn until the required sample size is achieved

    simple random sample SRS

  • 35

    if the same number is drawn more than once, it is not selected into the sample multiple times, another number is simply drawn until another one that has not already been selected has been found

    sampling without replacement

  • 36

    assigning every population unit a unique number in ascending order; sampling interval is calculated or i, which is the ratio of the required sample size (n) to the population total (N): i = N/n; a random number between 1 and i is then generated, called the seed number, representing the unique identifier of the first population unit to be included in the sample; the sampling interval, i, is summed with the random number between 1 and i and this is taken as the second unit in the sample; process is continued until the sampling frame has been reached and the desired sample size achieved

    sytematic random sampling

  • 37

    Clustering or multistage selection

    compex sample design

  • 38

    – divides the sample into separate sub-groups and then draws random samples from within each group ◌ Disproportionate stratification ◌ Proportionate stratification

    stratification

  • 39

    Attempts to create a representative sample by specifying quotas, or targets, of particular types of people that need to be included to represent the population of interest.

    quota sampling

  • 40

    relates to the way in which the questionnaire (or other survey instrument) is completed and the degree of interviewer involvement. ◍ The primary distinction in terms of mode is between whether the questionnaire is administered by an interviewer, or is completed by the respondent themselves.

    survey mode

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    It is a systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering, recording and critical analyzing and interpreting of all facts about the phenomenon.

    research

  • 2

    On the basis of its structure, the word research or re- search inplies that the person has

    to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more

  • 3

    is an endeavor/attempt to discover, develop and verify knowledge.

    research

  • 4

    an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.

    research

  • 5

    involves holding on to ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of superstition.

    the method of tenacity

  • 6

    This method has one flaw: the information obtained may not be reliable.

    the method of tenacity

  • 7

    information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling.”

    the method of intuition

  • 8

    it lacks a mechanism for distinguishing between correct and incorrect knowledge.

    the method of intuition

  • 9

    • a person relies on information or answers from an expert in the subject area.

    the method if authority/ faith

  • 10

    It does not always provide accurate information, answers obtained from an expert could represent subjective, personal opinion rather than true expert knowledge, expertise in one area can be generalized to other topics, not all “experts” are experts. The Ra

    the method of authority/ faith

  • 11

    aka rationalism, involves seeking answers by logical reasoning

    the rational method

  • 12

    if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid

    the rational method

  • 13

    attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience

    the empirical method

  • 14

    Sensory experience can be deceptive, usually time consuming and sometimes dangerous.

    the empirical method

  • 15

    includes surveys and fact -finding inquiries of different kinds (Ex post VS. facto) -the researcher has no control over the variables - survey methods of all kinds

    discriptive

  • 16

    -use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

    analytical

  • 17

    finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business org.

    applied

  • 18

    -concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory

    fundamental

  • 19

    measurement of quantity or amount - It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.

    quantitative

  • 20

    -concerned with phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind -discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in-depth interviews for the purpose

    qualitative

  • 21

    -confined to a single time-period

    one-time

  • 22

    -carried on over several time-periods -participants are tracked over many years - e.g. of this category are historical, Case study, and Genetic research

    longitudinal

  • 23

    -a study that is conducted in the real world, in a natural environment -surveys, observational research

    field setting

  • 24

    -Small group study of random behavior, play, and role analysis - Use of audio- visual recording devices, use of observers, etc -experiments, controlled observation under controlled condition

    laboratory

  • 25

    -development of hypotheses rather than their testing

    exploratory

  • 26

    -with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested

    formalized

  • 27

    Two groups: ‘experimental’ group and ‘control’ group ◍ Participants are allocated randomly to one group or the other ◍ Performance is compared after the experimental group have received treatment

    post test only/ control group design

  • 28

    It requires at least four groups: two are experimental groups and two are control groups. ◍ One of the experimental groups and one of the control groups receive a pre- test.

    solomon four group design

  • 29

    the next logical step in a long research process where laboratory-based experimental findings need to be tested in practical situations to see if the findings are really useful.

    qusi experimental design

  • 30

    Everyone is given a pre-test before the treatment is administered to the experimental group

    post test pre testcontrol group design

  • 31

    Requiring a pre-test as well as posttest. ◍ The pre-test allows us to have some idea of how similar the control and treatment group were before the intervention.

    NECG

  • 32

    Involve having only one sample but taking measurements of the dependent variable on three or more occasions. ◍ Sometimes referred to as interrupted time series designs as the treatment intervention ‘interrupts’ an otherwise seamless time series of observations.

    time series design

  • 33

    Combination of time series with non- equivalent control group design. ◍ Also called the multiple time-series design

    time series eith NECG (TSNECG)

  • 34

    It gives every unit in the population an equal probability of selection ◍ Referred to as epsem (for Equal Probability of SElection Method) ◍ Every population unit must be assigned a unique identification number ranging from 1 to N and the random numbers between 1 to N are drawn until the required sample size is achieved

    simple random sample SRS

  • 35

    if the same number is drawn more than once, it is not selected into the sample multiple times, another number is simply drawn until another one that has not already been selected has been found

    sampling without replacement

  • 36

    assigning every population unit a unique number in ascending order; sampling interval is calculated or i, which is the ratio of the required sample size (n) to the population total (N): i = N/n; a random number between 1 and i is then generated, called the seed number, representing the unique identifier of the first population unit to be included in the sample; the sampling interval, i, is summed with the random number between 1 and i and this is taken as the second unit in the sample; process is continued until the sampling frame has been reached and the desired sample size achieved

    sytematic random sampling

  • 37

    Clustering or multistage selection

    compex sample design

  • 38

    – divides the sample into separate sub-groups and then draws random samples from within each group ◌ Disproportionate stratification ◌ Proportionate stratification

    stratification

  • 39

    Attempts to create a representative sample by specifying quotas, or targets, of particular types of people that need to be included to represent the population of interest.

    quota sampling

  • 40

    relates to the way in which the questionnaire (or other survey instrument) is completed and the degree of interviewer involvement. ◍ The primary distinction in terms of mode is between whether the questionnaire is administered by an interviewer, or is completed by the respondent themselves.

    survey mode