FIELD METHODS
問題一覧
1
It is a systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering, recording and critical analyzing and interpreting of all facts about the phenomenon.
research
2
On the basis of its structure, the word research or re- search inplies that the person has
to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more
3
is an endeavor/attempt to discover, develop and verify knowledge.
research
4
an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.
research
5
involves holding on to ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of superstition.
the method of tenacity
6
This method has one flaw: the information obtained may not be reliable.
the method of tenacity
7
information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling.”
the method of intuition
8
it lacks a mechanism for distinguishing between correct and incorrect knowledge.
the method of intuition
9
• a person relies on information or answers from an expert in the subject area.
the method if authority/ faith
10
It does not always provide accurate information, answers obtained from an expert could represent subjective, personal opinion rather than true expert knowledge, expertise in one area can be generalized to other topics, not all “experts” are experts.
The Ra
the method of authority/ faith
11
aka rationalism, involves seeking answers by logical reasoning
the rational method
12
if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid
the rational method
13
attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience
the empirical method
14
Sensory experience can be deceptive, usually time consuming and sometimes dangerous.
the empirical method
15
includes surveys and fact -finding inquiries of different kinds (Ex post VS.
facto)
-the researcher has no control over
the variables
- survey methods of all kinds
discriptive
16
-use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
analytical
17
finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business org.
applied
18
-concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory
fundamental
19
measurement of quantity or amount
- It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
quantitative
20
-concerned with phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind
-discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in-depth interviews for the purpose
qualitative
21
-confined to a single time-period
one-time
22
-carried on over several time-periods
-participants are tracked over many years
- e.g. of this category are historical, Case study, and Genetic research
longitudinal
23
-a study that is conducted in the real world, in a natural environment
-surveys, observational research
field setting
24
-Small group study of random behavior, play, and role analysis
- Use of audio- visual recording devices, use of observers, etc
-experiments, controlled observation under controlled condition
laboratory
25
-development of hypotheses rather than their testing
exploratory
26
-with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested
formalized
27
Two groups: ‘experimental’ group and ‘control’ group
◍ Participants are allocated randomly to one group or the other
◍ Performance is compared after the experimental group have received treatment
post test only/ control group design
28
It requires at least four groups: two are experimental groups and two are control groups.
◍ One of the experimental groups and one of the control groups receive a pre- test.
solomon four group design
29
the next logical step in a long research process where laboratory-based experimental findings need to be tested in practical situations to see if the findings are really useful.
qusi experimental design
30
Everyone is given a pre-test before the treatment is administered to the experimental group
post test pre testcontrol group design
31
Requiring a pre-test as well as posttest.
◍ The pre-test allows us to have some idea of how similar the control and treatment group were before the intervention.
NECG
32
Involve having only one sample but taking measurements of the dependent variable on three or more occasions.
◍ Sometimes referred to as interrupted time series designs as the treatment intervention ‘interrupts’ an otherwise seamless time series of observations.
time series design
33
Combination of time series with non- equivalent control group design.
◍ Also called the multiple time-series design
time series eith NECG (TSNECG)
34
It gives every unit in the population an equal probability of selection
◍ Referred to as epsem (for Equal Probability of SElection Method)
◍ Every population unit must be assigned a unique identification number ranging from 1 to N and the random numbers between 1 to N are drawn until the required sample size is achieved
simple random sample SRS
35
if the same number is drawn more than once, it is not selected into the sample multiple times, another number is simply drawn until another one that has not already been selected has been found
sampling without replacement
36
assigning every population unit a unique number in ascending order; sampling interval is calculated or i, which is the ratio of the required sample size (n) to the population total (N): i = N/n; a random number between 1 and i is then generated, called the seed number, representing the unique identifier of the first population unit to be included in the sample; the sampling interval, i, is summed with the random number between 1 and i and this is taken as the second unit in the sample; process is continued until the sampling frame has been reached and the desired sample size achieved
sytematic random sampling
37
Clustering or multistage selection
compex sample design
38
– divides the sample into separate sub-groups and then draws random samples from within each group
◌ Disproportionate stratification ◌ Proportionate stratification
stratification
39
Attempts to create a representative sample by specifying quotas, or targets, of particular types of people that need to be included to represent the population of interest.
quota sampling
40
relates to the way in which the questionnaire (or other survey instrument) is completed and the degree of interviewer involvement.
◍ The primary distinction in terms of mode is between whether the questionnaire is administered by an interviewer, or is completed by the respondent themselves.
survey mode
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1
It is a systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering, recording and critical analyzing and interpreting of all facts about the phenomenon.
research
2
On the basis of its structure, the word research or re- search inplies that the person has
to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more
3
is an endeavor/attempt to discover, develop and verify knowledge.
research
4
an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.
research
5
involves holding on to ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of superstition.
the method of tenacity
6
This method has one flaw: the information obtained may not be reliable.
the method of tenacity
7
information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling.”
the method of intuition
8
it lacks a mechanism for distinguishing between correct and incorrect knowledge.
the method of intuition
9
• a person relies on information or answers from an expert in the subject area.
the method if authority/ faith
10
It does not always provide accurate information, answers obtained from an expert could represent subjective, personal opinion rather than true expert knowledge, expertise in one area can be generalized to other topics, not all “experts” are experts.
The Ra
the method of authority/ faith
11
aka rationalism, involves seeking answers by logical reasoning
the rational method
12
if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid
the rational method
13
attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience
the empirical method
14
Sensory experience can be deceptive, usually time consuming and sometimes dangerous.
the empirical method
15
includes surveys and fact -finding inquiries of different kinds (Ex post VS.
facto)
-the researcher has no control over
the variables
- survey methods of all kinds
discriptive
16
-use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
analytical
17
finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business org.
applied
18
-concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory
fundamental
19
measurement of quantity or amount
- It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
quantitative
20
-concerned with phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind
-discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in-depth interviews for the purpose
qualitative
21
-confined to a single time-period
one-time
22
-carried on over several time-periods
-participants are tracked over many years
- e.g. of this category are historical, Case study, and Genetic research
longitudinal
23
-a study that is conducted in the real world, in a natural environment
-surveys, observational research
field setting
24
-Small group study of random behavior, play, and role analysis
- Use of audio- visual recording devices, use of observers, etc
-experiments, controlled observation under controlled condition
laboratory
25
-development of hypotheses rather than their testing
exploratory
26
-with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested
formalized
27
Two groups: ‘experimental’ group and ‘control’ group
◍ Participants are allocated randomly to one group or the other
◍ Performance is compared after the experimental group have received treatment
post test only/ control group design
28
It requires at least four groups: two are experimental groups and two are control groups.
◍ One of the experimental groups and one of the control groups receive a pre- test.
solomon four group design
29
the next logical step in a long research process where laboratory-based experimental findings need to be tested in practical situations to see if the findings are really useful.
qusi experimental design
30
Everyone is given a pre-test before the treatment is administered to the experimental group
post test pre testcontrol group design
31
Requiring a pre-test as well as posttest.
◍ The pre-test allows us to have some idea of how similar the control and treatment group were before the intervention.
NECG
32
Involve having only one sample but taking measurements of the dependent variable on three or more occasions.
◍ Sometimes referred to as interrupted time series designs as the treatment intervention ‘interrupts’ an otherwise seamless time series of observations.
time series design
33
Combination of time series with non- equivalent control group design.
◍ Also called the multiple time-series design
time series eith NECG (TSNECG)
34
It gives every unit in the population an equal probability of selection
◍ Referred to as epsem (for Equal Probability of SElection Method)
◍ Every population unit must be assigned a unique identification number ranging from 1 to N and the random numbers between 1 to N are drawn until the required sample size is achieved
simple random sample SRS
35
if the same number is drawn more than once, it is not selected into the sample multiple times, another number is simply drawn until another one that has not already been selected has been found
sampling without replacement
36
assigning every population unit a unique number in ascending order; sampling interval is calculated or i, which is the ratio of the required sample size (n) to the population total (N): i = N/n; a random number between 1 and i is then generated, called the seed number, representing the unique identifier of the first population unit to be included in the sample; the sampling interval, i, is summed with the random number between 1 and i and this is taken as the second unit in the sample; process is continued until the sampling frame has been reached and the desired sample size achieved
sytematic random sampling
37
Clustering or multistage selection
compex sample design
38
– divides the sample into separate sub-groups and then draws random samples from within each group
◌ Disproportionate stratification ◌ Proportionate stratification
stratification
39
Attempts to create a representative sample by specifying quotas, or targets, of particular types of people that need to be included to represent the population of interest.
quota sampling
40
relates to the way in which the questionnaire (or other survey instrument) is completed and the degree of interviewer involvement.
◍ The primary distinction in terms of mode is between whether the questionnaire is administered by an interviewer, or is completed by the respondent themselves.
survey mode