PLANT FAMILIES

Flora of Manila

PLANT FAMILIES

80問 • 1年前Flora of Manila

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Ferns of very various habit from creeping or erect rootstocks, the stipes tufted or scattered, jointed to the rootstock or not, the fronds entire or variously lobed, pinnate, or decompound, the veins free or variously an- astomosing.

Polypodiaceae

Climbing fern or Nito family

Schizeaceae

Stout erect shrubs or trees with simple, rarely forked stems, with numerous, long, pinnate leaves crowded at the ends. Leaflets numerous, somewhat falcate, linear, coriaceous, entire. Flowers dioecious, the males in dense terminal, lai-ge, peduncled cones, composed of numerous closely imbricate, cuneate, long-acuminate, scales, bearing beneath many crowded, 1-celledanthers. Femaleinflorescenceconsistingofelongated,flat,densely brown-woolly carpellary leaves (carpophores), more or less crowded at the apex of the stem, somewhat dilated above into an entire, toothed, or pectinate blade.

Cycadaceae

Perennial erect marsh herbs with simple, erect, linear, entire leaves which sheath the base of the stem. Flowers small, densely crowded in long cylindric spikes, often intermixed with capillary bracteoles with dilated tips, the male flowers superposed above the female ones

Typhaceae

Erect dioecious shrubs or trees, usually with prop-roots, or vines climbing by aerial roots, the leaves 3-ranked, spirally arranged, narrow, elongated, acuminate, the margins and midribs usually spinously toothed. Inflores- cence axillary or terminal, simple or branched, clothed with leafy spathes or bracts. Flowers small, crowded on a catkin-like spadix. Perianth none.

Pandanaceae

Pondweed family

Potamogetonaceae

Slender or coarse, annual or perennial plants of various habit, or in one tribe, the bamboos, woody and tree-like. Stems jointed, terete or com- pressed; internodes usually hollow, sometimes solid. Leaves simple, usually long and narrow, entire, parallel-veined, the sheathing portion distinct from thd blade, split down one side. Inflorescence various, of few to many spike- lets in panicles, racemes, spikes, or heads, the spikelets composed of 2 to many, 2-ranked, imbricated scales (glumes), the lowest ones normally empty, sometimes wanting, one or more of the upper glumes containing a flower enclosed by the bract-like palea. Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioeciou

Gramineae

Sedge or balangot family: Grass-like plants with usually 3-ranked leaves and solid, cylindric or 3-angled stems, the sheaths closed, sometimes leafless. Flowers perfect or 1-sexual, small, in the axils of the scales (glumes) of the spikes or spikelets, these solitary or in panicles, heads, umbels, racemes, spikes, or fascicles.

Cyperaceae

Anahao familiy Erect shrubs or trees, slender or very large, sometimes climbing, naked or spiny. Stems unbranched, cylindric. Leaves alternate, at the ends ofthestems,palmate,pinnate,orbipinnate,thepetiolessheathing. Flow- ers small, 1- or 2-sexual in panicles or spikes (spadices) that are often more or less enclosed by one or more large sheathing bracts (spathes). Perianth-segments 6, in 2 series, usually all free, imbricate or valvate

Palmae

Arum or Gabi family Perennial plants from rhizomes or fleshy corms, with radical leaves, suf- frutescent or woody vines, or in one genus aquatic and floating. Leaves alternate, various. Flowers 1- or 2-sexual, sessile on a spadix which is more or less enclosed by a green, white, or colored spathe, if 1-sexual the malesusuallyabovethefemales,neuterflowersoftenbetweenthem

Araceae

Pipewort family Herbs growing in wet places with narrow leaves crowded in a rosette at the base, the flowers small, crowded in dense, bracteate, globose to ovoid, usually long-peduncled heads, dimerous or trimerous, male and female flowers usually in the same head.

Eriocaulaceae

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Leaves long, narrow, chiefly basal, rosulate,entireorspiny-toothed,basesusuallyspreading. Flowersperfect, regular, in dense, terminal spikes, the bracts usually prominent. Sepals 3,- free or partly united. Petals 3, free or somewhat united. Stamens 3 to 6, free or somewhat united with the petals

Bromeliaceae

Spiderwort or Alicbangon Family Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, spreading, ascending, or sometimes climbing. Leaves entire, more or less succulent, parallel-veined, sheathing at the base. Inflorescence fascicled, cymose, or paniculate, axillary or terminal.

Commelinaceae

Pondweed family parallel or subparallel. Flowers perfect, in spikes or racemes from the sheath of the uppermost leaf, bracts sheathing, irregular. Perianth un- equally 6-partite, blue, marcescent.

Pontederiaceae

Maguey family Slender or coarse herbs from bulbous, tuberous, or corm-like rootstocks, the leaves radical, narrow or broad, sessile or pedicelled, the scape naked or leafy. Perianth superior, regular or irregular, the tube long, short, or none, 6-lobed or 6-parted, sometimes with a crown at the mouth. Sta- mens 6, inserted on the segments, the filaments free or connate; anthers erect or versatile. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules many, 2-seriate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal, rarely fleshy and bursting irregularly.

Amaryllidaceae

Panarien family Herbaceous plants from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, the leaves radical, lobed or laciniate. Scape erect, leafless. Flowers umbellate, sub- tended by leaf-like bracts. Perianth 6-lobed, superior. Stamens 6, at the base of the lobes, the filaments short, dilated or appendaged on each side, abovedilatedintoaninflexedhood;antherssessilewithinthehood. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas broad, or petaloid and umbella-like. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or at length 3-valved. Seeds many. A single genus of about 10 species, all tropical.

Taccaceae

Yam or ubi Family Usually twining vines, snooth or armed, from fleshy rootstocks. Leaves simple or digitately 3- to 7-foliolate. Flowers small, in spikes, racemes, or panicles, unisexual. Male flowers: Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens at the base of the perianth or on its lobes, 3 or 6, or sometimes 3 perfect and 3 staminodes. Rudimentary ovary present or wanting.

Dioscoreaceae

Iris family Perennial herbs from often thickened rootstocks. Leaves narrow, often distichous and equitant, sometimes plicate, sessile or petioled. Inflorescence various. Flowers in spathes, few to many, usually but 1 or 2 opening at a time. Perianth superior, petaloid, the segments 6, 2-seriate, imbricate. Stamens 3, epigynous or adnate to the outer segment; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style simple; stigmas 3; ovules many, 2-seriate. Capsule 3-angled or cylindric, loculicidally 3-celled. Seeds many

Iridaceae

Banana or Saguing family stems erect, tree-like with the leaves all at the top, or formed of the fleshy, convulute, closely imbricate, leaf-sheaths. Leaves very large, oblong, distichous or spirally arranged. Inflorescence simple or compound, bracteate. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, ebracteolate or with small bracteoles, perfect or monoecious. Petals free or connate, the corolla often inflated and surrounding the anthers and style

Musaceae

Ginger or Luya Family Slender or coarse, often aromatic herbs from fleshy rootstocks, the stems simple. Leaves simple, radical or cauline, usually distichous, sometimes spirally arranged, small to large, closely pinnately veined from the midrib, the sheaths usually present, ligule present or absent. Flowers small to lar.<^e, irregular, perfect, solitary, spicate, racemose, or panicled, often in dense cone-like heads, bracts and often bracteoles pi'esent. Calyx tubular or spathe-like, 3-toothed or lobed, produced above the ovary. Corolla-tube long or short, the limb 3-partite.

Zingineraceae

Ticas-ticas family Erect, coarse, perennial, unbranched herbs with leafy stems from fleshy rootstocks. Leaves large, oblong, acute or acuminate, parallel-veined from the midrib, their petioles sheathing the stem. Flowers irregular, perfect, medium to large, usually bright-colored and showy, in lax, simple or branched, terminal racemes, bracteate.Erect, coarse, perennial, unbranched herbs with leafy stems from fleshy rootstocks. Leaves large, oblong, acute or acuminate, parallel-veined from the midrib, their petioles sheathing the stem. Flowers irregular, perfect, medium to large, usually bright-colored and showy, in lax, simple or branched, terminal racemes, bracteate.

Cannaceae

Arrow root family Perennial herbaceous plants from more or less fleshy rootstocks, stemless or with erect, simple or branched stems. Leaves usually large, pinnately veined from the midrib, usually distichous, petioled, the petioles sheathinji: the stem below. Flowers very irregular, perfect, often in pairs, in dense bracteate spikes or in open, more or less panicled inflorescences

Marantaceae

Dapo family Terrestrial or epiphytic, usually succulent or fleshy herbs, the former usually with thickened tuberous roots, the latter often with thickened bases (pseudobulbs), green, more rarely white and colorless or brownish sapro- phytes, exceedingly variable in habit.

Orchidaceae

Agoho family Leafless trees, the branchlets cylindric, grooved, jointed, the internodes terminating in short sheaths of connate subulate scales (reduced leaves).

Casuarinaceae

Icmo family Succulent herbs or climbing woody or subherbaceous vines, usually aromatic. Leaves simple, entire, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, fi'equently inequilateral; stipules none or 2 and connate, or adnate to the petiole.

Piperaceae

Elm or Hanagdong family Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple or toothed, usually distichous, frequently inequilateral leaves, and watery sap, the stipules small, falling early. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, in axillary cymes, racemes, or sometimes solitary or fascicled.

Ulmaceae

Mulberry, fig or Balete family Shrubs or trees, sometimes vines, usually with milky sap, rarely her- baceous, with alternate or opposite, entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, the stipules present, often early deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual, often monoecious, densely crowed on the outside of small or large, fleshy, globose to elongated, thick or slender receptacles, or covering the inside of a closed receptacle.

Moraceae

Nettle or Lipay Family Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes with stinging hairs, with alternate, rarely opposite, often oblique leaves. Inflorescence cymose, clustei-ed, spicate, or panicled, axillary or terminal.

Urticaceae

Mistletoe Family Parasitic evergreen shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, entire, usually thick and coriaceous, sometimes wanting. Flowers perfect or 1-sexual, racemed, spicate, fascicled, or umbellate, usually axillary, bracteate and 2-bracteolate

Loranthaceae

Goosefoot or Aposotis Family Herbs or shrubs with simple alternate leaves. Flowers perfect or unisexual, small, usually regular. Calyx of 3 to 5 free or connate sepals. Petals none. Stamens usually 5, opposite the sepals, perigynous or hypogy- nous. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2 to 4. Fruit usually a utricle enclosed by the calyx.

Chenopodiaceae

Colites Family Herbs, sometimes climbing, rarely shrubby (Dceringia). Leaves op- posite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in axillary clusters or in simple or panicled spikes, racemes, or heads, the bracts and 2 bracteoles scarious. Sepals 5, sometimes 1 to 3, rigid or scarious, persistent, imbricate in bud. Petals none.

Amaranthaceae

Pisonia or Maluco Family Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or sometimes woody spiny vines. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, exstipulate. Inflorescence various, usually of terminal or axillary corymbs or cymes, the flowers often involucrate. Flowers perfect or unisexual.

Nyctaginaceae

Purslane or Golasiman Family Diffuse, succulent, annual or perennial, prostrate or erect herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, or the upper ones whorled, entire, terete or flat, the nodeswithscale-likeorhairyappendages,rarelynaked. Flowersterminal often surrounded by a whorl of leaves, solitary or clustered.

Portulacaceae

Libato Family Twining, glabrous, herbaceous vines, more or less succulent. Leaves alternate, entire. Inflorescence axillary, spicate or racemose. Flowers small, perfect, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 2, more or less adnate to the corolla. Corolla-lobes 5, nearly free or more or less united

Basellacaea

Waterlily or Lauas Family Aquatic perennial herbs, often from stout rootstocks, the leaves usually floating, often peltate. Flowers solitary, often showy, on elongated scapes, floating on the surface of the water or raised above the surface. Sepals 3 to 5, free.

Nymphaeaceae

Inata Family Submerged, slender, monoecious herbs growing in fresh water, the leaves whorled, cleft into slender, toothed lobes. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, the perianth or involucre of 6 to 12, narrow, 2-fid segments.

Ceratophyllaceae

Clematis family Annual or perennial often suffrutescent herbs, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular in our genera, perfect or 1-sexual.

Ranunculaceae

Custard apple or Lanutan Family Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple, entire. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually val- vate. Petals 6, hypogynous, 2-seriate, or the inner absent. Stamens many, hypogynous, closely packed on the torus; filaments short or none; anthers adnate, the connective produced into an oblong or truncate head

Anonaceae

Baticuling family Trees or shrubs with opposite, alternate, or somewhat whorled, ex- stipulate leaves, or {Cassytha) leafless, parasitic, herbaceous, vines. Flow- ers small, regular, perfect, or uninsexual and monoecious or dioecious, axillary, usually paniculate, sometimes spicate.

Laurel or Baticuling

Poppy family Annual herbs with yellow juice. Leaves alternate, sessile, sinuate-lobed, spiny. Flowers large, yellow, perfect, regular.

Papaveraceae

Mustard or mustaza family Herbs with watery, often pungent juice. Basal leaves in a rosette, those on the stem alternate, variously toothed or lobed, or entire

Cruciferae

Malunggay family Deciduous trees with soft wood. Leaves alternate, 3-pinnate; leaflets opposite, entire, the pinnules jointed to the rachis, usually pflandular at the base. Panicles axillary. Flowers perfect, slij^htly irreprular.

Moringaceae

Stonecrop or Siemprevera family Succulent, usually perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or pinnately compound, extipulate. Flowers small to large, cymose, sometimes spicate-racemose or paniculate, regular, perfect or unisexual.

Crassulaceae

Pitchseed or Mamalis Family Trees or shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers 5-merous, perfect, in terminal or axillary corymbose cymes, rarely fascicled.

Pittosporaceae

Rose family Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, simple or compound leaves, usually stipulate. Flowers perfect, regular, rarely irregular. Calyx-tube free or adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, deciduous, imbricate. Disk lining the calyx-tube or forming a ring at its base.

Rosaceae

Palo Santo Family Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, 1- to 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate; leaflets entire. Flowers racemose or pani- cled, regular, perfect.

Connaraceae

Bean or Narra Family

Leguminaceae

Balimbing family Herbs or trees, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually 2-stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or cauline. Flowers umbellate or cymose, perfect, regular, small.

Oxilidaceae

Coca family Glabrous slender shrubs or trees with alternate, entire leaves, involute in bud, the stipules solitary, intrapetiolar. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, 5-merous, perfect.

Erythroxylaceae

Orange or Lucban family Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often spiny, the leaves with nu- merous or few, pellucid, oil-glands. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound. Flowers regular, perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary, or fascicles, racemes, cymes, or panicles.Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often spiny, the leaves with nu- merous or few, pellucid, oil-glands. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound. Flowers regular, perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary, or fascicles, racemes, cymes, or panicles.

Rutaceae

Canarium or Pili Family Trees or shrubs, resiniferous, with alternate or opposite, odd-pinnate leaves. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, paniculate or racemose. Flow- ers small, regular, perfect or polygamous.

Burseraceae

Santol family Trees or shrubs, rarely small undershrubs or herbs, with alternate, usually pinnate, sometimes 2- or 3-pinnate, rarely simple leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular, in axillary or terminal panicles, racemes, spikes, or fascicles.

Meliaceae

Milwort family Annual or perennial herbs, scandent shrubs, or trees. Leaves alter- nate, entire, simple. Flowers perfect, irregular, 3-bracteate.

Polygalaceae

Lumbang family Herbs, shrubs, or trees, rarely vines, often with milky juice. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire or toothed, sometimes deeply lobed, rarely compound (Bischofia) , or wanting. Inflorescence various. Flowers mostly small, always unisexual, monoecious or dioecious.

Euphorbiaceae

Cashew or Mango family Trees or shrubs, often with acrid and sometimes milky juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple or pinnate. Inflorescence mostly paniculate. Flowers small, regular, unisexual, polygamous, or perfect.

Anacardiaceae

Soapberry or Alupag family Shrubs or trees, or in Cardiospermum wiry, herbaceous, tendril-bearing vines. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, pinnate, 3-foliolate, or palmately compound, the leaflets entire or toothed, in the pinnate leaves alternate or opposite. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose or panicled.

Sapindaceae

Camantigui family Erect, succulent, more or less branched herbs. Leaves opposite, alter- nate, or somewhat whorled, simple, exstipulate.

Balsaminaceae

Buckthorn or Ligaa family Erect trees or shrubs or scandent shrubs (in Gouania tendril-bearing), often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate, mostly 3- to 5-nerved, the stipules small, often transformed into prickles. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, in axillary or terminal cymes, fascicles, racemes, or panicles.

Rhamnaceae

Grape or Ayo family

Vitaceae

Linden or Anilao family

Tiliaceae

Hibiscus or Gumamela family

Malvaceae

Boboy family

Bombacaceae

Cacao or Calumping Family

Sterculiaceae

Catmon family Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed, the petioles often sheathing, exstipulate. Flowers small or large, regular, perfect.

Dilleniaceae

Garcinia or Palomaria family

Guttiferae

Bergia family Annual herbs or low undershrubs, erect or spreading, branched, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, serrate or entire. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled, pedicelled.

Elatinaceae

Casearia fuliginosa

Flacourtiaceae

Lingat family

Begonaceae

Lagerstroemia indica

Lythraceae

Putat family Barringtonia racemosa

Lecythidaceae

Bacauan family Bruguiera erioptala

Rhizophoraceae

Terminalia or Talisay family Quisqualis indica/ Niogniogan

Combretaceae

Duhat family Psidium guajava

Myrtaceae

Culis family Memecylon umbellatum

Melastomataceae

Ginseng or Papua family Schefflera odorata

Araliaceae

Parsley or Anis Family

Umbelliferae

Ardisia family Trees or shrubs,sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate,entire or toothed, usually gland-dotted;stipulesnone. Flowers regular,perfector polygamodioecious.

Myrsinaceae

Leadwort family

Plumbaginaceae

Camagon family

Ebenaceae

Alstonia or Dita Family Erect or twining vines, or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes alternate, simple, entire. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, perfect, regular.

Apocynaceae

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