HISTORY 2

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collaborated on the plan for Sunnyside Gardens, a neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens.

Stein and Wright

What are Rachel Carson's contributions to the Environmental Movement?

Wrote "Silent Spring"

High levels of industrial contamination means the site must be redevelpoed before it can be functional while Blue Ridge Highway)- elevate roadway so as not to interfere with the ecology of the landscape and to provide a view.

1 false 2 true

1. Marian Coffin has formal, informal estate and suburbs model gardens, Annette Flanders designed MIT which has an elegant style, formal and naturalistic 2. Theodora Hubbard is a librarian turned into author, writer and critic; Beatrix Farrand is the only woman in ASLA founders

1 false 2 true

1 Propelia is a Roman Monumental gateway, Tori is a Japanese gateway 2 Pylon is a massive Egyptian gateway,

1 false 2 true

1 Villa Lante has a waterway out on the sides, transitions are staircases and water splits 2 Villa d’ Este has a straight waterway down the middle , transitions are ramps and stairs

all false

Campagna is to Bucolic as Cortile is to

Atrium

Van Cox noted that the professional landscape architect is always in the position of:

The agent for the principal (client)

Landscape architecture has as its environmental heritage persons who thought that man should be steward of the earth and the living things upon it:

Thoreau, Emerson

1 Wild nature can be a source of inspiration for landscape architects: it too is art 2 With nature's water cycle as a model, Birkenhead park was designed so that drainage water could quickly be removed from the park

1 false 2 true

1 According to "Doc" the Landscape Architect must allow for flexibility in the design of a private residential landscape to accommodate hanging needs but a public park landscape does not have this requirement 2 AccordingtoDr.RobertReich,thereisnodifference between a "need" and a "desire"

1 true 2 false

1 Climate plays a strong part in shaping the landscape. Forests indicate areas of high rainfall and grasslands indicate low rainfall. 2 Deciduous trees can be placed near a house to reduce the cost of utilities during both the winter and summer.

1 false 2 true

The ecological factors that influenced Islamic Gardens was:

c) Oasis- high contrast to the surrounding deserts

1 For the implementation process the landscape architect has to consider the space required for construction equipment and formwork as well as the dimensions of the actual part of the landscape that is to be constructed 2 An example of a catastrophic change in the landscape is glaciations

1 true 2 false

France during the 1600s started building gardens

b) That were inspired by Italian renaissance gardens

Made the masterplan of QMC Park in 1980’s

Francisco Manosa

- English landscape gardener - toured China - mentioned “chinoiserie” - suggested grafting of Chinese features into classic forms - popularized the “ha-ha” wall as a landscape feature - “jardin anglais” –English gardens - works: (a) Stowe; (b) Eastbury; (c) Claremont

Charles Bridgeman

- Created “artificial” natural looking landscapes - Demolished all formal lines and geometry in the landscape using the “ha-ha” principle - Nicknamed as such because of his perception on each project as having ‘capabilities of improvement - 169 works + 49 - Augment nature wherever possible - Increase natural slopes - Group trees and plants to surprise - Lead the eye from one pleasure to another - Works: (a) Petworth Park; (b) Warwick Castle

Lancelot “Capability” Brown

Scottish Architect - Studied in Paris and Italy - Went to China - Felt there was an affinity between British and Chinese philosophies, stating that Chinese gardens are like European painters - It was under his influence that “chinoiserie” caught on in England - Explained that the Chinese garden is organized into a variety of scenes, and one is led by winding passages cut in the grooves to the different points of view - Believed that the success of Chinese gardens is a result of the scenes which in England were called “offskips” - Works: some of the follies in the grounds of Blenheim

Sir William Chambers

French Engineer and garden designer; physicist - Introduction of the steam engine which led to the development of water fountains (powered by steam and/or solar engines) used as amenities in gardens - Works:  Castle gardens at Heidelberg, Germany  Gardens at Hatfield House in Hertfordshire, England

Salomon De Caux

- Nurseryman, landscape gardener, author - Heavily influenced by the precepts of Humphrey Repton and John Charles Loudon - Urged the landscape designer to “preserve only the spirit of essence” (of the place) - Arrange materials so as to awaken emotions of grace, elegance or picturesqueness - One of his concerns about design was that the “genius loci” (unique character; the recognition and expression of the spirit of the place) of each site should be the basis of design - Works: Norman Chapel and gatehouse for Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York

Andrew Jackson Downing

- Banker by profession - Owner and designer of “Stourhead”, which Horace Walpole called “one of the most picturesque gardens in the world” - Amateur in garden design - Looked into books, pursuit of knowledge and study of paintings by landscape masters – where he learned how to design Stourhead - Works: (a) Stourhead; (b) his ancestral estate near Bath

Henry Hoare II

- Alleged to have “leaped the fence and saw that all nature was a garden” - Painter, Architect, furniture designer, and designer of theatre stage sets - Garden design is his greatest vocation - Proponent of the modern naturalistic style – demolished much of Bridgeman’s work - Stated that “nature abhors a straight line” - Practiced grouping trees neatly together in wide spacious meadows – led others to criticize his work as scattering of clumps of trees all over the landscape - Works: (a) Kensington Palace; (b) Woodburn Farm; (c) Stanstead Park

William Kent

- English scholar - Was averse to the “femininity” of the Brown landscapes and claimed that a more wild, naturalistic style was in better taste - Romantic scenery: wild, abrupt and fantastic; endless intricacies discovered, at every turn something new and unexpected - Picturesque scenes as well-composed - Romantic compositions could be misshapen and uncouth - Work: Downtown Castle in Hertfordshire

Richard Payne Knight

- French soldier, Engineer and Architect - Schooled as a landscape painter – talents were in the areas of perspective, optical illusion, topography, color and rendering of plant material - Upon retiring from the army, he practiced Architecture in New York - Hired by President Washington in 1791 to master-plan the new National Capital  Thomas Jefferson contributed to the design using gridiron patterns of streets - L’Enfant fused the grid system with a network of baroque avenues running diagonally and intersecting at monumental rond points (points in space), marked by statues, obelisk and fountains, consistent with the theme of Versailles - Work: Washington Master Plan

Pierre Charles L’Enfant

- French landscape designer - Part of the French Grand Style – strong central axis extending to the far distance - Radiating perpendicular paths traversing broad open grassy plains ornamented with low evergreen hedges called parterres - Upright tightly-clipped sculptural and geometric forms - Works: (a) Grand Trianon, Versailles; (b) Vaux-le-Vicomte; (c) Fountainbleau

Andre Le Notre (or Le Nostre

Called by A.J. Downing as the “most distinguished gardening author of our age” - A major advocate of the return to geometric formalism, a style termed “gardenesque” or “Victorian” - Belief that each different plant was to be seen individually rather than in masses as was the basis of the naturalesque style - Called for the establishment of public urban parks; first such park was the Victoria Park in London - Wrote many books: (a) Arboretum et Fruticetum Brittanicum 1838; (b) A treatise on forming, improving, and managing country residences

John Charles Loudon

- English Architect; partner of H. Repton - Leading Architects of the picturesque (pastoral, rural) school - Designing in country houses in the castle style or the Tuscan villa manner, as depicted in the landscape paintings of Claude Lorrain and others - Works: (a) Marylebone Farm transformed into Regent’s Park; (b) alterations to Buckingham Palace

John Nash

- English Architect and Landscape Gardener - First in England to coax a blossom from the giant water lily Victoria amazonica - Served as a member of Parliament - Works: (a) Birkenhead Park (affected F.L. Omsted as he referred to it often throughout his career); (b) Crystal Palace (London World’s Fair of 1851)

Sir Joseph Paxton

- Landscape critic; farmer - Advocate of the picturesque style - Naturalistic style as a better approach - Treated the words “picturesque” and “romantic” as synonymous - Felt that picturesque scenes were always well-composed whereas romantic compositions could be odd misshapen and uncouth (or lacking in good manner and refinement of grace) - Works: (a) Foxley – his farm estate; (b) lands of his close friend

Sir Uvedale Price

- First person to call himself “landscape gardener” - Consultant – furnishing detailed proposals for a given site then moving on to the next client - Standard of practice was to give each client a lengthy essay explaining his rationale and recommendations –such reports came bound in red morocco (sheepskin) 8 by 14 inches and thus came to be called “red books” - Used removable overlays to save on drawings, referring to them as slides - Approach was more cosmetic, adapting existing design themes to whatever the client wanted - Incorporated an architectonic foundation (or terrace) on which geometrical walks and floral beds were laid out - Saw the need to reintroduce brightly-colored plants - The idea of before and after drawings of a landscape - Perceived his formal terrace as the English social corollary of the French cabinets de vendure or the Italian giardino segreto - Works: (a) Brocklesby; (b) Corsham; (c) Crewe Hall; (d) Ealing Park

Humphrey Repton

- First person to use the term “landscape” in connection with garden design - Garden scenes divided into sublime, the beautiful and the melancholy or pensive - Felt that landscape could arouse emotions and said that the ground should first be considered with an eye to its peculiar character - Suggested that the designer should identify the major character of a given place and design to enhance that effect - Believed that by understanding painting principles, the designer of the landscape could achieve assymetricall-balanced compositions - Work: The Leasowes, near Cambridge

William Shenstone

- Made trips to the Orient ad to Netherlands - Began the fashion of “chinoiserie” in Europe - Saw Chinese gardens as the diametric opposite of the Euclidean geometry of European gardens - Described the Palace of Peking as a sequence of discoveries of idealized nature - Characterized the irregularity of Chinese gardens as “sharawagdi”  “sharawagdi” may have been mistaken for the word sato-kwai-chi which means careless or disorderly grace or san-lan-wai-chi (disorderly composition) or the Japanese word sorowodji (unsymmetrical design) - Works: (a) Farnham Castle / Compton Hall; (b) Moor Park, Hertfordshire

Sir William Temple

- English nurseryman and landscape gardener - First commercial gardener in England - Skilled in replicating the French grand style - Introduced numerous new exotic plant species from North America into England - Works: (a) Hampton Court; (b) Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire

Henry Wise

- Chicago Architect - Originated the Chicago School of Architecture - Developed the steel skeleton building frame technology which enabled the erection of skyscrapers (i.e. Masonic Temple) - Focused on city planning and civic design proposals for a number of cities around the world in what became known as the “City Beautiful Movement” - Grandiose sweeping master plans: “ make no little plans, they have no magic to stir man’s blood… make big plans… remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die but long after we are gone will be a living thing asserting itself with ever growing consistency”

Daniel Hudson Burnham

Use of natural-looking, soft, undulating earth forms and native vegetation are his signature - Believed that to create effectively, the landscape architect must work outdoors to feel each rock and stone, the trees and vines, sand and earth, sky and water… - His New York Times obituary remarked on his “. . . naturalism so artful that students said he knew how to make snow fall where he wanted. ” - Works: o book “Art into Landscape and Landscape into Art”; o Roland Reisley House, Pleasantville, New York o Campuses, Office parks, national monuments, cemeteries, institutional sites and residenc

Arthur Edwin Bye Jr.

California-based; travelled to Mediterranean (similar climates) - Believed to be the creator of modern garden style - Garden as an “outdoor room” - Design drew on cubism, using free-flowing abstract curvilinear lines, forms and spaces in occult balance - Eclectic designs- he combined geometry based on the French baroque while using native plantings - Led American landscape architecture movement away from the stric Beaux-Arts tradition - Works: o Dewey Donnel garden o El Novillero, Sonoma, California o Book: “Gardens are for People”

Thomas Dolliver Church

- With classmates Dan Kiley and James Rose, led the Harvard Revolution – ushering the modern period in landscape design in opposition to the traditional axial symmetry of the Beaux-Arts approach - The designs of the trio were bold, non-traditional and imaginative – functional outdoor rooms - Were influenced by the precepts of cubism and European (Bauhaus) architecture led by Walter Gropius who taught at Harvard in 1936 - The intimacy of the Japanese garden and the work of Thomas Church influenced the new movement - Use of the diagonal became one of Eckbo’s main devices for redirecting axial space - Works: (a) Fulton Mall, Fresno; (b) Mission Bay Park

Garrett Eckbo

Swiss modernist Architect, painter, urban planner and writer - Quest for harmony seems the noblest of human passions - Buildings were cubist-like in styles, trim, clean, of modern materials such as concrete, steel, glass block and plastics - Travelled to Rio de Janeiro and left his influence on Roberto Burle Marx, Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer - Works: (a) Villa Savoye; (b) Palace of the Nations in Geneva

Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris)

Studied in Harvard 1942-44 after the Harvard revolution; Walter Gropius was still teaching there to instil the design philosophy in him - Residential designs during the late 1940s and 50s helped to establish the California or modern garden as a major outdoor design form - Use of water and concrete elements as his signature - Most of his commissioned works were remodelling - Works: (a) Lovejoy Plaza; (b) Ira Keller Foun

Lawrence Halprin

Interest was in urban planning - Rejected the deplorable living conditions in British industrial cities and espoused the development of numerous small towns arranged around the outskirts of major urban centers - Classic book “Garden Cities for To-morrow” (originally titled “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”) - Proposed that such communities be surrounded in perpetuity by open, agricultural lands in order to stem the tide of urban sprawl - These communities he called “garden cities” (self-contained, own industries and shops to provide employment, goods and services) buffered by greenbelts from the urban core o These greenbelts were to enable the community’s residence to have “immediate contact” with nature - Works: (a) Radburn, New Jersey; (b) Greenbelt, Maryland; (c) Greenhills, Ohio; (d) Woodlands, Texas

Ebeneezer Howard

- Had love for the cottage garden and reinterpreted it in many medium and small scale landscapes in Edwardian England - Influenced by William Robinson - Ideas centered around “controlled” wildness and herbaceous borders - Her studies of the tidy formalism of the vernacular (or popular) gardens of the Austrian Tyrol and Swiss Alps became part of her design approach - Collaborated with Sir Edwin Lutyens - Works: o Hestercombe, Somerset (a Lutyens house with a Jeckyll garden became an important contribution to the English way of life)

Gertrude Jeckyll

Midwestern native plants of the U.S. affected him greatly - The Prairie Style became his theme (the ego-centric maverick of the mid-west) - Emphasis on native plant massing and wildflowers enfolding spacious lawns and woodland underplantings - Scorned the use of formality or geometry in the landscape preferring the broad horizontality of the natural Midwestern landscape - Works: o Coonley House, Riverside, Illinois (with Frank Lloyd Wright) o Roberts House in Marquette, Michigan

Jens Jensen

- An advocate of the Harvard Revolution - Favoured the modern or more site-specific design approach - His works has been labelled “classical” or “reminiscent of the 17th Century” - Believes the human-made landscape should “be an obvious contrast to the world of nature” - “slippage” approach – an extension beyond the boundary - Works: o U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs o Oakland Museum in California (considered to be a 20th Century version of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon)

Dan Urban Kiley

English Architect converted to garden design by Gertrude Jeckyll - Works: (a) Woodside, Buckinghamshire; (b) Munstead Wood

Sir Edwin Lutyens

Rid gardens of the European features with which they have always been endowed in Brazil - Burle Marx Brazilian Style – liberal use of native flora and a sculptural and painterly arrangement of colors, free flowing patterns of ground cover, water and hard surfaces - Works: (a) Copaccabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro; (b) Municipal Gardens in Recife

Roberto Burle Marx

- Overlay analysis technique, incorporating geographic, climatic, vegetative and land use studies of a given landscape area - Promoted ecological planning and helped to make ecology a household word - His approach integrates the findings of the physical and biological sciences and terrestrial and aquatic ecology into a systematic process for land analysis and land use planning - Works: (a) Woodlands New Town, Texas; (b) Amelia Island Resort, Florida

Ian McHarg

- Tour of the countryside and urban parks of Britain plus the meetings with Andrew J. Downing and Calvert Vaux launched him into the field of landscape architecture - May 12, 1863: first used the term “landscape architect”; the first official document usage in the U.S.; although it is thought to have been used casually in Britain at an earlier time - Saw public open spaces as lungs of the city - Fifteen elements typical of Olmsted’s park designs: 1. Works of art 2. Have their roots in the English Romantic Style 3. Provide strong contrast to the city 4. Reflect a Victorian influence 5. Characterized by use of bold forms 6. Provide a balance between the spatial elements of turf, wood and water 7. Use vistas as an aesthetic organizing element 8. Contain a series of planned sequential experiences 9. Provide for the separation of traffic 10. Provide visitor services 11. Contain artistically-composed plantings 12. Integrate the architecture into the landscape 13. Each has provision for a formal element 14. Characterized by variety 15. Built to provide for recreation

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

- Influenced the design of Gertrude Jeckyll - Opposed the gardenesque style and has been called the self appointed defender of the old landscape school - His work characterized as Victorian naturalism (a variation of the English kitchen garden) - Emphasis on the display of plants as specimens for form rather than floral color - Gardening is an art – work of an artist is always marked by its fidelity to nature - Work: Gravetye Manor

William Robinson

- Planner of the “ecological new towns” using the PCD philosophy of preservation, conservation and development - Preserve an area’s vital ecological features, conserve its wetlands and water supplies and develop intensely on less crucial lands - Great design is simple – “you aren’t conscious of the ego of the creator, you are conscious of the rightness of the time and space” - Works: (a) Chicago Botanic Garden; (b) Mellon Square, Pittsburgh; (c) Miami Lakes, Florida

John Ormsbee Simonds

- English Architect and Landscape Architect - met with A.J. Downing and formed a partnership which lasted two years until Downing’s drowning in 1852 - influenced Canadian landscape design with his design of the grounds of the Canadian capital, Ottawa, 1873 - Persuaded F.L.O. to enter the Central Park competition in 1857 - Second son, became a founding member of the ASLA - Lost his life to drowning off Long Island - Works: o Smithsonian Museum (the Castle), edge of the Mall in Washington D.C. o Shelter and structures in Central Park

Calvert Vaux

The building of ziggurats

Mesopotamians

Neo-Babylonians

1) The Hanging Gardens 2)The Ishtar Gate

1) The rounded arch 2) The barrel vault 3) Prominent towers 4) Thick walls 5) Small windows 6) Typically have an elongated, unreal quality

Romanesque

The imperial capital of Cyrus the Great was described by ancient Greeks and Romans as having a geometric division of space defined by water and trees, an early example of the four-square pattern later associated with “paradise” gardens. Existing ruins show the close relationship of buildings and gardens and the decorative use of water. Gardens provided visual and climatic comfort, not spaces for active use

PASARGADAE, PERSIA

The former Greek colony of Pompeii was a popular resort town for wealthy Romans. Forms of 1st-century architecture and landscape were preserved under layers of ash and debris from the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE. A typical Roman town house contained a paved atrium and a garden court surrounded by a roofed colonnade, or peristyle. Garden scenes painted on the walls of the peristyle garden visually extended the spa

House of Vetti, Pompei

Term coined ni France, 1804, as architecte-paysagiste, almost assuredly by the French landscape designer and civil engineer

Jean-Marie Morel

Mid-nineteenth century, term acquired official currency ni France as witnessed by the seal of the Parisian "Service de l'architecte-paysagiste"

Louise-Sulpice Vare

calling himself a landscape architect in his monumental book, L'Art des Jardins (The Art of the Gardens) in 1870

Armand Pean

first who generallly conceded with coining the professional title "Landscape Architect"

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux

Paradigm that believes society is created collectively and “truth” varies

Social constructionism

Pioneering practicioner, author and educator in modern city. The first American to identify himself as a town and city planner

JOHN NOLEN

The following are in the Laws of indies except:

Indians

Agustinian botanist who published Flora de Filipinas

Fray Manuel Blanco

The Philippines shares heritage with the following except:

Spain

The first filipino tograduate from an American school with a degree of Architecture and went to Dexler Institute, Philadelphia in 1907

Carlos Barreto

What is a work of Juan Arellano

Jones Bridge

Designer of Battle Monument and American Memorial Cemetery

Gardner Daily

Who is not a UC Berkeley?

Jess Sison

The year IP Santos established the Department of Landscape Architecture in U.P Diliman

1971

Former name of Agrifina circle

Teodoro Valencia Circle

This development is improved at the height of City Beautification by Eva Macapagal and Teodoro Valencia

RADO Flower clock

A Spanish and pre war landmark that used to be by the Paig River

Anda monument

A principal street in Manila named after the 13th prime minister of Spain of filipino descent

Paseo de Azcarraga

He wrote the An Essay on the Picturesque

Sir Uvedale Price

Designed Leasowes “ferme ornee”

William Shenstone

Naturalistic style, English version of the Formal Baroque Gardens

Henry Wise

He designed the Kidney Shaped pool. Style revolves wround unity-function-simplicity-scale

Thomas Doliver Church

Wrote Landscape for a Living, The Landscape we See and Urban Landscape Design

Garret Eckbo

Modernist functionalism with classical design principles

Dan Urban Kiley

Which of these is not a work of Roberto Burle Marx?

Gravity Garden

Wild gardening, English cottage garden

William Robinson

The practice of Landscape Architecture is deeply deeply dependent upon both an understanding of, and sensitivity for nature and ecology

Landscape Architecture as NATURE

Landscape Architecture is a profession that is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of a tradition of craftsmanship

Landscape Architecture as a Craft

It is based on the fundamental human desire to shape the environments we habit

Landscape Architecture as Art

Ecology centered. Seeing the environment as an entity created by process.

LA as a system

Landscape Design and Technology

Martha · 100問 · 2年前

Landscape Design and Technology