PARA LAB PART 1

100問 • 1年前

問題一覧

bottom post portion that supports the entire microscope, provides stability and support for the microscope when it is upright. The base also typically holds the illuminator, or light source.

Base

part above the base that supports the other parts.

Pillar

allows for tilting for the convenience of the user

Inclination joint

connects the eyepiece tube to the base, curve or slanted part which is held while carrying the microscope.

Arm

is a platform for the slides, which hold the specimen. The stage typically has a stage clip on either side to hold the slide firmly in place. Some microscopes have a mechanical stage, with adjustment knobs that allow for more precise positioning of slides.

Stage and stage clip

attached to the arm and bears the lenses.

Body tube

cylindrical structure on the top of the body tube that holds the ocular lenses.

Draw tube

contains the objective lenses. Microscope users can rotate this part to switch between the objective lenses and adjust the magnification power.

Revolving nosepiece

lies atop the nose piece and keeps dust from settling on the objectives.

Dust shield

moves stage (or body tube) up and down, used to focus the image on the microscope under low or medium power.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

small knob, used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen after using the coarse adjustment knob.

Fine Adjustment Knob

contains the ocular lens, which the user looks through to see the magnified specimen, further magnify the image produced by the objective lenses by 5x to 15x.

Ocular/Eyeliece

combine with the eyepiecelens to increase magnification levels. Microscopes generally feature three or four objective lenses, with magnification levels ranging 4x to 100x.

Objective Lenses

microscopes require a light source for viewing. This can come in the form of a built-in, low-voltage illuminator light, or a mirror that reflects an external light source like sunlight.

Illuminator or Electric Lamp

has a concave and plane surface to gather and direct light in order to illuminate the object.

Mirror

focus the light onto the specimen, concentrating light rays on the specimen.

Condenser

controls the amount of light reaching the specimen and regulates the light necessary to obtain a clear view of the object.

Iris Diaphragm

The ratio of the apparent size of an object as seen through the microscope and the actual size of the object.

Magnification

multiplying the magnifying power of the objective and ocular lenses.

Total magnification

What is the total magnification scanner?

40x

Total magnification of Low power?

100x

Total magnification of High power?

400x

Total magnification of Oil immersion?

1000x

The ability of the lens to clearly separate or distinguish two points of two lines individually in the image.

Resolution

In maximal revolving power, How many Micrometer (Um) which can permit clear images magnified 1000-1500X

0.2 um

A measurement of the ability of the condenser and the objective lens to gather light.

Numerical Aperture

what is the numerical aprture of scanner?

0.10

what is the numerical aprture of Low power

0.25

what is the numerical aprture of High power?

0.65

what is the numerical aprture of Oil immersion?

1.25

Thickness of the object that maybe seen at one time under focus.

Focal length

Distance between the front lens of the objective lens and the top of the cover glass when the specimen is in focus

Working distance

Refers to quality of the objectives and eyepiece where practically no change in focus has to be made when objective is substituted for another

Parfocal

Bending of light rays away from the objective lens when light passes from the glass of the microscope slide to the air.

Refractive index

specimens received in the laboratory that are compromised because of improper collection, labeling, or transport should be rejected and a new specimen should be requested.

Pre-analytic phase

laboratory techniquesperformed in the testing of the samples should be completed with care to ensure that accurate results are obtained.

Analytic phase

Interpretation and reporting of results obtained should be accurately reported in a timely manner.

Post-analytic phase

The most common method of diagnosis of intestinal parasites is through the demonstrationof eggs, larvae, adults, trophozoites, cysts, or oocysts in the ____

Stool

clean, wide-mouthed containers made of waxed cardboard or plastic with tight fitting lid (screw-capped tops)

Container

It Should be placed on a zip-lock to avoid spillage while transporting it to the lab

Container

Stool samples should be collected a week after the last intake of any of these drugs:

Antacids, Antidiarrheals, Barium, Bismuth, Mineral oil, Laxatives

Intake of antibiotics and antimalarial drugs for several week (2weeks) resulting to:

Decrease the number of Protozoan

What is the size of formed stool in Routine Stool Examination?

Thumb-sized

How many table spoon for watery stool to be collected?

5 to 6 tablespoon

Contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil must be prevented. because:

it destroy the protozoan trophozoites

Age of the stool sample (prioritize watery stool as it may contain trophozoites that are only viable within?)

30 minutes to 1 hour

Stool should be examine within period of time

True

Delay in examination of specimens may require __________ to ensure that parasites are present in the identifiable stage.

Preservation

Temporary storage of fecal samples in refrigerator is _____

In temporary storage for fecal samples which is Refrigerator, what is the appropriate temperature can be use?

3-5 celsuis

In all-purpose fixative

FORMALIN

In formalin, how many percentage recommended for protozoan cyts?

In formalin, how many percentage recommended for helminth egg and larvae

10%

solution may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve the morphological characteristics of the organisms

Formalin

In Formalin, preserved stool can be concentrated using?

formalin-ether/ethyl acetate concentration technique

Advantages of using Formalin in stool samples

it is easy to prepare, it preserves specimens for up to several years, it has a long shelf life

What is the advantages of using formalin?

it does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears, trophozoites usually cannot be recovered and morphologic details of cysts and eggs may fade with time, considered a potential health hazard

What stool preservative the most often combined with PVA, preserve fresh stool for staining purposes, contains HgCl2 (mercuric chloride)

Schaudinn’s solution

What preservative is plastic resin, which serves to adhere a stool sample onto a slide.

Polyvinyl alcohol

What is the advantages of using Polyvinyl Alcohol?

Main advantage is related to the preservation of protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining., preserved specimens have a long shelf life when stored at room temperature.

What disadvantages of Polyvinyl alcohol

it does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears

What is the stool preservative is useful for fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs and larvae.

Merthiolate-Iodine Formalin

viable alternative to the use of PVA and Schaudinn fixative and can be used for performing concentration techniques and permanent stained smears

Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid Formalin

What is the advantage of Sodium accetate acetic acid formalin?

can be used for preparing smears for staining with the modified acid-fast stain to detect coccidian oocysts.

What is one the disadvantages of Sodium acatate-acetic formalin

adhesive properties of SAF are not good, the addition of albumin to the microscope slide may be necessary to ensure adhesion of the specimen to the slide

is an all purpose fixative. A 5% concentration is recommended for protozoan cysts, while a 10% concentration is recommended for helminth eggs and larvae. The solution may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve the morphological characteristics of the organisms. Preserved stool can be concentrated using formalin-ether/ ethyl acetate concentration technique

Formalin

is used to preserve fresh stool in preparation for staining the stool smears. It contains mercuric chloride which is highly toxic to humans. Problems of mercury disposal may therefore arise.

Schaudinn’s solution

related to the preservation of protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining.

Polyvinyl Alcohol

contains merthiolate (also called thimerosal) and iodine which act as staining components, while formalin acts as the preservative. It is useful for the fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs, and larvae.

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin

has the advantage of not containing mercuric chloride. However, not as sharp after staining compared with those fixed in PVA or Schaudinn’s solution. It is a liquid fixative with a long shelf-life.

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin

What type of consistency of stool, the protozoan trophozoites are generally observed?

Soft or Liquid stool

What type of consistency of stool, where the cyts found?

Semi-formed or formed stool

What type of consistency of stool, where the helmint eggs and larve can be found?

Any type of stool

In the white blood cells, Polymorphonuclears (PMN’s) which may indicate________

Inflammation

In White blood cells, Eosinophils which may indicate an _________ to a parasitic infection

Immune response

_____which may indicate ulceration or bleeding

Red blood cells

_________are usually present in both bacterial and parasitic infections and one can mistake the active macrophages for amoebic trophozoites

Macrophages

_______ are released with disintegration of eosinophils. may indicate the presence of hypersensitivity or parasitic infections, especially amoebiasis

Charcot-Leyden crystals

_______ from the intestinal tract can also be recovered

Epithelial cells

Eggs of arthopods, plant nematodes and other spurious parasites may be mistaken for ________

Human parasites

Fungal spores coming from Candida spp., Yest and yest-like fungi may also be mistaken for_______.

Parasites

Elements of Plant origin that resemble some parasites include:

Plant cells/fibers, pollen grains, starch granules, vegetables spirals

Plant and animal hairs may look like _______

Helminth Larvae

________specimen is mandatory for recovery of motile trophozoites.

Fresh Stool

______ should be examined or preserved within 30 minutes of passage. Trophozoites form are found in this stool

Liquid stool

_______ should be examined ir preserved within 1 hour of passage

Soft stool

________ should be examined and preserved within 24 hours of passage. Cyst form are found in this stool.

Formed stool

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): 1. Aspirin and anti-inflammatory medication

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Red meat

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Iron supplement containing Vitamin C

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Vitamin C intake >250 mg/d

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Raw broccoli, cauliflower, radishes and turnips

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Horseradish

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Menstrual and hemorrhoid contamination

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Failure to wait specified time after sample is applied to add the developer reagent

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Melons

False-Positive

To detect the presence of parasites in a stool specimen, microscopic examinations are performed. It can also reveal many elements present in the intestinal tract aside from parasites and normal fecal constituents (artifacts)

Microscopic Examination

The surface of the stool should be examined for parasites, such as pinworms, tapeworm proglottids, and adult worms. The sample should then be broken up using a wooden applicator stick and examined once more for macroscopic parasites, especially adult helminths.

Gross Abnormalities

By far the most frequently performed fecal analysis is the detection of occult blood (hidden blood).

Chemical Examination

100

Occult Fecal Blood Test’s principles is to detect of the ________ activity of hemoglobin

Pseudoperoxidase

PARA LEC PART 2

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PARA LEC PART 2

46問 • 1年前

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TROPHOZOITES AND CYST

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TROPHOZOITES AND CYST

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Intestinal and Extraintestinal amoeba

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Intestinal and Extraintestinal amoeba

PARA LAB PART 2

PARA LAB PART 2

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90問 • 1年前

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Blood and Tissue Flagellates

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Blood and Tissue Flagellates

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Introducing to Urinalysis

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Introducing to Urinalysis

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Renal flow (100% Book based)

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Renal flow (100% Book based)

33問 • 1年前

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Overview of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Mathematics

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Overview of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Mathematics

17問 • 1年前

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Safety and Quality Management

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59問 • 1年前

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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Equipment

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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Equipment

New (practice)

New (practice)

Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation 1

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Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation 1

97問 • 1年前

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38問 • 1年前

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67問 • 1年前

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問題一覧

bottom post portion that supports the entire microscope, provides stability and support for the microscope when it is upright. The base also typically holds the illuminator, or light source.

Base

part above the base that supports the other parts.

Pillar

allows for tilting for the convenience of the user

Inclination joint

connects the eyepiece tube to the base, curve or slanted part which is held while carrying the microscope.

Arm

Stage and stage clip

attached to the arm and bears the lenses.

Body tube

cylindrical structure on the top of the body tube that holds the ocular lenses.

Draw tube

contains the objective lenses. Microscope users can rotate this part to switch between the objective lenses and adjust the magnification power.

Revolving nosepiece

lies atop the nose piece and keeps dust from settling on the objectives.

Dust shield

moves stage (or body tube) up and down, used to focus the image on the microscope under low or medium power.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

small knob, used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen after using the coarse adjustment knob.

Fine Adjustment Knob

contains the ocular lens, which the user looks through to see the magnified specimen, further magnify the image produced by the objective lenses by 5x to 15x.

Ocular/Eyeliece

combine with the eyepiecelens to increase magnification levels. Microscopes generally feature three or four objective lenses, with magnification levels ranging 4x to 100x.

Objective Lenses

microscopes require a light source for viewing. This can come in the form of a built-in, low-voltage illuminator light, or a mirror that reflects an external light source like sunlight.

Illuminator or Electric Lamp

has a concave and plane surface to gather and direct light in order to illuminate the object.

Mirror

focus the light onto the specimen, concentrating light rays on the specimen.

Condenser

controls the amount of light reaching the specimen and regulates the light necessary to obtain a clear view of the object.

Iris Diaphragm

The ratio of the apparent size of an object as seen through the microscope and the actual size of the object.

Magnification

multiplying the magnifying power of the objective and ocular lenses.

Total magnification

What is the total magnification scanner?

40x

Total magnification of Low power?

100x

Total magnification of High power?

400x

Total magnification of Oil immersion?

1000x

The ability of the lens to clearly separate or distinguish two points of two lines individually in the image.

Resolution

In maximal revolving power, How many Micrometer (Um) which can permit clear images magnified 1000-1500X

0.2 um

A measurement of the ability of the condenser and the objective lens to gather light.

Numerical Aperture

what is the numerical aprture of scanner?

0.10

what is the numerical aprture of Low power

0.25

what is the numerical aprture of High power?

0.65

what is the numerical aprture of Oil immersion?

1.25

Thickness of the object that maybe seen at one time under focus.

Focal length

Distance between the front lens of the objective lens and the top of the cover glass when the specimen is in focus

Working distance

Refers to quality of the objectives and eyepiece where practically no change in focus has to be made when objective is substituted for another

Parfocal

Bending of light rays away from the objective lens when light passes from the glass of the microscope slide to the air.

Refractive index

specimens received in the laboratory that are compromised because of improper collection, labeling, or transport should be rejected and a new specimen should be requested.

Pre-analytic phase

laboratory techniquesperformed in the testing of the samples should be completed with care to ensure that accurate results are obtained.

Analytic phase

Interpretation and reporting of results obtained should be accurately reported in a timely manner.

Post-analytic phase

The most common method of diagnosis of intestinal parasites is through the demonstrationof eggs, larvae, adults, trophozoites, cysts, or oocysts in the ____

Stool

clean, wide-mouthed containers made of waxed cardboard or plastic with tight fitting lid (screw-capped tops)

Container

It Should be placed on a zip-lock to avoid spillage while transporting it to the lab

Container

Stool samples should be collected a week after the last intake of any of these drugs:

Antacids, Antidiarrheals, Barium, Bismuth, Mineral oil, Laxatives

Intake of antibiotics and antimalarial drugs for several week (2weeks) resulting to:

Decrease the number of Protozoan

What is the size of formed stool in Routine Stool Examination?

Thumb-sized

How many table spoon for watery stool to be collected?

5 to 6 tablespoon

Contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil must be prevented. because:

it destroy the protozoan trophozoites

Age of the stool sample (prioritize watery stool as it may contain trophozoites that are only viable within?)

30 minutes to 1 hour

Stool should be examine within period of time

True

Delay in examination of specimens may require __________ to ensure that parasites are present in the identifiable stage.

Preservation

Temporary storage of fecal samples in refrigerator is _____

In temporary storage for fecal samples which is Refrigerator, what is the appropriate temperature can be use?

3-5 celsuis

In all-purpose fixative

FORMALIN

In formalin, how many percentage recommended for protozoan cyts?

In formalin, how many percentage recommended for helminth egg and larvae

10%

solution may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve the morphological characteristics of the organisms

Formalin

In Formalin, preserved stool can be concentrated using?

formalin-ether/ethyl acetate concentration technique

Advantages of using Formalin in stool samples

it is easy to prepare, it preserves specimens for up to several years, it has a long shelf life

What is the advantages of using formalin?

What stool preservative the most often combined with PVA, preserve fresh stool for staining purposes, contains HgCl2 (mercuric chloride)

Schaudinn’s solution

What preservative is plastic resin, which serves to adhere a stool sample onto a slide.

Polyvinyl alcohol

What is the advantages of using Polyvinyl Alcohol?

Main advantage is related to the preservation of protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining., preserved specimens have a long shelf life when stored at room temperature.

What disadvantages of Polyvinyl alcohol

it does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears

What is the stool preservative is useful for fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs and larvae.

Merthiolate-Iodine Formalin

viable alternative to the use of PVA and Schaudinn fixative and can be used for performing concentration techniques and permanent stained smears

Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid Formalin

What is the advantage of Sodium accetate acetic acid formalin?

can be used for preparing smears for staining with the modified acid-fast stain to detect coccidian oocysts.

What is one the disadvantages of Sodium acatate-acetic formalin

adhesive properties of SAF are not good, the addition of albumin to the microscope slide may be necessary to ensure adhesion of the specimen to the slide

Formalin

is used to preserve fresh stool in preparation for staining the stool smears. It contains mercuric chloride which is highly toxic to humans. Problems of mercury disposal may therefore arise.

Schaudinn’s solution

related to the preservation of protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining.

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin

has the advantage of not containing mercuric chloride. However, not as sharp after staining compared with those fixed in PVA or Schaudinn’s solution. It is a liquid fixative with a long shelf-life.

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin

What type of consistency of stool, the protozoan trophozoites are generally observed?

Soft or Liquid stool

What type of consistency of stool, where the cyts found?

Semi-formed or formed stool

What type of consistency of stool, where the helmint eggs and larve can be found?

Any type of stool

In the white blood cells, Polymorphonuclears (PMN’s) which may indicate________

Inflammation

In White blood cells, Eosinophils which may indicate an _________ to a parasitic infection

Immune response

_____which may indicate ulceration or bleeding

Red blood cells

_________are usually present in both bacterial and parasitic infections and one can mistake the active macrophages for amoebic trophozoites

Macrophages

_______ are released with disintegration of eosinophils. may indicate the presence of hypersensitivity or parasitic infections, especially amoebiasis

Charcot-Leyden crystals

_______ from the intestinal tract can also be recovered

Epithelial cells

Eggs of arthopods, plant nematodes and other spurious parasites may be mistaken for ________

Human parasites

Fungal spores coming from Candida spp., Yest and yest-like fungi may also be mistaken for_______.

Parasites

Elements of Plant origin that resemble some parasites include:

Plant cells/fibers, pollen grains, starch granules, vegetables spirals

Plant and animal hairs may look like _______

Helminth Larvae

________specimen is mandatory for recovery of motile trophozoites.

Fresh Stool

______ should be examined or preserved within 30 minutes of passage. Trophozoites form are found in this stool

Liquid stool

_______ should be examined ir preserved within 1 hour of passage

Soft stool

________ should be examined and preserved within 24 hours of passage. Cyst form are found in this stool.

Formed stool

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): 1. Aspirin and anti-inflammatory medication

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Red meat

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Iron supplement containing Vitamin C

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Vitamin C intake >250 mg/d

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Raw broccoli, cauliflower, radishes and turnips

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Horseradish

False-Positive

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Menstrual and hemorrhoid contamination

False-Positive

False-Negative

Identify whether the following factors cause a false-positive or false-negative result in the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Melons

False-Positive

Microscopic Examination

Gross Abnormalities

By far the most frequently performed fecal analysis is the detection of occult blood (hidden blood).

Chemical Examination

100

Occult Fecal Blood Test’s principles is to detect of the ________ activity of hemoglobin

Pseudoperoxidase