From drinking water contaminated with cyst and Clonorchis, Opistorchis, and Haplorchis through ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish contaminated with infective larvae

Skin penetration: Skin to soil

Skin penetration: Skin via water

In transmammary infection, parasites may be transmitted through mother’s milk

Congenital Transmission: ___________

it invades red blood cell, after multiplication, the host’s red blood cell rupture resulting in the release of merozoites.

causes massive intestinal bleeding which result in Chronic blood loss and Iron deficiency anemia

Trophozoites of _____________ is unable to survive the acidic environment of vigina

Chemical component of body fluids play major role in the protection of host.

The ____content of breastmilk found to be toxic to Giardia lamblia

_____ found in tears and saliva is able to destroy microorganisms

Physiological function of the body can inhibit the parasite invasion.

Peristalsis , motion of cilia and human reflexes all serves to expell parasite

Coughing enable to eject aberrantly situated adult _________ and egg of ________

Flushing action of urine increase the number of Trichomonas vaginalis

The innate response happens when the body detects and eliminates pathogens through nonspecific mechanisms that use mechanical, chemical, and cytokine-mediated methods to destroy or disrupt invading organism with little or no delay from the time of invasion.

one method is phagocytosis by _______ and ______ for pathogen elimination through oxidative killing and toxic peptides

Which organisms are classified as intracellular pathogens? I. Leishmania spp. II. Toxoplasma gondii III. Giardia lamblia IV. Trypanosama cruzi V. Plasmodium falciparum

Proto:

Zoa:

Unicellular organism that performs all the functions: reproduction, digestion, respiration, excretion, etc.

usually single but may be double or multiple

contains one or more nucleoli or a central karyosome (DNA containing body which is situated peripherally or centrally within the nucleus)

inner (often granulated), dense part.

it shows number of structures such as golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, food vacuoles, and contractile vacuoles

regulate osmotic pressure between the parasite and its environment

outer (non-granulated), typically watery

Homogenous and serves as an organ for motility and engulfment of food by producing pseudopodia

Helps in respiration, discharging waste material and providing protective covering

Fingerlike

Tail-like

Hair-like

controls secretions and excretions

cell mouth

storage for glycogen protein

Morphological characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica: It divides through binary fission and capable encystation.

Morphological characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica: Contains Large glycogen vacoule and two chromatid bar and the secretes highly retractile cyst wall around and becomes cyts.

Morphological characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica: it has protective thick cell wall and capable of excystation.

Morphological characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica: Liberated quadrinuclate amoeba and capable excystation

Subphylum sarcodina:

Subphylum Mastigophora under Atrial flagellates

Subphylum Mastigophora: hemoflagellates organism

Phylum Apicomplexa

Stage forming a cyst or becoming enclosed to a capsule, this event takes place in the rectum of the host as feces are dehydrated or soon after the feces have been excretedStage forming a cyst or becoming enclosed to a capsule, this event takes place in the rectum of the host as feces are dehydrated or soon after the feces have been excreted

Escape from cyst or envelope, produces a trophozoite from the cyst stage, and it takes place in the large intestine of the host after the cyst has been ingested.

resembling a "basket of flowers" shape