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Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation 1

Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation 1
97問 • 1年前
  • ユーザ名非公開
  • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    The primary goal is the isolation of discreet portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.

    Photoelectric Colorimetry

  • 2

    Measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength

    Spectophotometric measurement

  • 3

    Measurementof light intensity without consideration of the wavelength

    Photometric measurement

  • 4

    Involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution.

    Spectophotometry

  • 5

    Simplest type of spectrophotometer Designed for one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength.

    Single Beam Spectophotometry

  • 6

    Instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components

    Double Beam Spectophotometry

  • 7

    In Double beam spectophotometry, One beam passes throughout the sample and the other beam passes through a reference solution or _____

    Reagent blank

  • 8

    Uses 2 photodetectors, forthe sample and the reference beam.

    Double-beam in space

  • 9

    Uses 1 photodetector only and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating sector minor.

    Double-beam in time

  • 10

    Uses 1 photodetector only and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then reference cuvet using a _____________

    Chopper or rotating sector mirror

  • 11

    The visible light it travels with the speed of

    3000 km/sec

  • 12

    colors of Longest to shortes wavelength (in order)

    Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

  • 13

    Infrared (IR)

    Invisible

  • 14

    Ultraviolet (UV)

    Invisible

  • 15

    ranges of Visible colors

    350-700

  • 16

    it isolate the wavelength of light

    Prism or Granting

  • 17

    Provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient energy or power to measure the analyte of interest

    Light/Radiant Sourcd

  • 18

    Emits radiation that changes intensity and is widely use in the laboratory

    Continuum Source

  • 19

    Emits limited radiation and wavelength

    Line source

  • 20

    Mercury and Sodium vapor

    UV and visible ragion

  • 21

    Tungsten

    visible and infrared region

  • 22

    Deuterium

    UV light

  • 23

    also used as light sources for spectrophotometer

    Laser

  • 24

    Minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system.

    Entrance slit

  • 25

    Any _______ outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.

    Wavelength

  • 26

    Isolates specific or individual wavelength of light

    Monochromator

  • 27

    Wedge shaped pieces of glass, quartz or sodium chloride

    Prism

  • 28

    Can be rotated, allowing only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit

    Prism

  • 29

    Diffraction Gratings is Made by cutting grooves How many per inch?

    15,000 - 30,000 per inch

  • 30

    Most commonly used monochromator in the laboratory

    Diffraction Gratings

  • 31

    Simple, less expensive, and Not precise but they are useful

    Filters

  • 32

    It Produce monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves

    Filters

  • 33

    It is the total range of wavelength transmitted

    Bandpass

  • 34

    Holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured

    Cuvet

  • 35

    The most commonly used, specifically when measuring from 350-2000 nanometers/nm)

    Alumina silica glass

  • 36

    How many nanometers/nm measuring using Alumina silica glass

    350-2000 nm

  • 37

    What happens if a cuvet has scratches on its optical surface?

    It scatters the light and should be discarded

  • 38

    At what wavelength do silica cuvettes effectively transmit light?

    Greater or equal to 220 nm

  • 39

    What can happen if an alkaline solution is left standing in a cuvet?

    It dissolves the glass, producing etching

  • 40

    Why should scratched cuvettes be discarded?

    They scatter light, affecting measurements

  • 41

    What is the main fucntion of Phototube

    To emit electrons when light energy strikes a photosensitive material

  • 42

    What is the required for a phototube to operate

    External voltage

  • 43

    What makes photomultiplier tube (PMT) different from a phototube

    It contains dynodes to amplify signals

  • 44

    Why should a photomultiplier tube not be exposed to room light?

    It will burn out

  • 45

    Which of the following best describes a photodiode?

    Most useful as a simultaneous multichannel detector

  • 46

    Which detector is described as having excellent linearity but is less sensitive than a PMT?

    Photodiode

  • 47

    Which detector is commonly used to measure visible and UV light?

    Photomultiplier Tube

  • 48

    What component inside a photomultiplier tube is responsible for amplifying the electron signal?

    Dynodes

  • 49

    Which detector is least sensitive to light but can detect multiple wavelengths?

    Photodide

  • 50

    What does wavelength accuracy mean in spectrophotometry?

    The indicated wavelength on the control dial matches the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator.

  • 51

    What is stray light in spectrophotometry?

    Wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.

  • 52

    Linearity in spectrophotometry is demonstrated when:

    A change in concentration results in a straight-line calibration curve.

  • 53

    What does Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) measure?

    The emission of light by a single atom burned in a flame.

  • 54

    What is the principle of Flame Emission Photometry?

    Excitation of electrons from lower to higher state energy.

  • 55

    Which of the following is used as an internal standard in FEP?

    Lithium or Cesium

  • 56

    What does a reagent blank correct for in spectrophotometry?

    The color of the reagent.

  • 57

    What does a blank contain in the blanking technique?

    Serum but without the reagent.

  • 58

    According to Beer’s Law, the concentration of an unknown substance is:

    Directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely related to transmitted light.

  • 59

    What is another term for absorbance?

    Optical density

  • 60

    Absorbance cannot be measured directly by a spectrophotometer but is mathematically derived from:

    % Transmittance

  • 61

    Which of the following factors can affect the linearity of a calibration curve in spectrophotometry?

    All of the above

  • 62

    What is the primary light source used in Flame Emission Photometry?

    Flame

  • 63

    What is the purpose of using an internal standard in FEP?

    To correct variations in flame and atomizer characteristics.

  • 64

    Which of the following elements are commonly analyzed using FEP?

    Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

  • 65

    Why is a reagent blank necessary in spectrophotometric assays?

    To correct for absorbance caused by the color of the reagent.

  • 66

    When measuring absorbance, a blank should be prepared:

    Using the sample and reagent in the absence of the end product.

  • 67

    Why might the blanking technique not be effective in some cases?

    If there is too much turbidity in the sample.

  • 68

    What is the relationship between % transmittance and absorbance?

    They are inversely related.

  • 69

    If a solution has a high absorbance value, what does that indicate?

    It absorbs a large amount of light.

  • 70

    The fraction of incident light that passes through a sample is known as:

    % Transmittance

  • 71

    What is the principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)?

    Element is merely dissociated from its chemical bond and placed in an unexcited, ground state

  • 72

    What type of light source is used in AAS?

    Hollow cathode tube

  • 73

    AAS is used for the measurement of:

    Unexcited trace metals

  • 74

    Which of the following is an interference in AAS?

    Chemical, matrix, and ionization

  • 75

    Why is AAS considered more sensitive than Flame Emission Photometry (FEP)?

    It is accurate, precise, and very specific

  • 76

    What is the principle of volumetric analysis?

    The sample is made to react with a known solution in the presence of an indicator

  • 77

    Which of the following is an example of a volumetric method?

    EDTA titration method

  • 78

    Which of the following is used in volumetric chloride testing?

    Schales and Schales method

  • 79

    What does turbidimetry measure?

    The amount of light blocked by particles in suspension

  • 80

    Turbidimetry depends on:

    Specimen concentration and particle size

  • 81

    What type of instrument is used in turbidimetry?

    Visible photometers or spectrophotometers

  • 82

    Turbidimetry is commonly used for:

    Protein measurements (CSF and urine) and detecting bacterial growth in broth cultures

  • 83

    What makes nephelometry more sensitive than turbidimetry?

    It measures small scattered light intensity against a black background

  • 84

    Nephelometry is used to measure:

    The amount of scattered light by particulate matter in a turbid solution

  • 85

    At what angle is scattered light measured in nephelometry?

    15-90 degrees

  • 86

    What factor influences light scattering in nephelometry?

    Wavelength and particle size

  • 87

    Why is nephelometry preferred over turbidimetry for low concentration measurements?

    Light scattering is more sensitive at lower concentrations

  • 88

    Which of the following is a component of nephelometry instrumentation?

    Photodetector

  • 89

    Which of the following is used to modulate the light source in AAS?

    Chopper

  • 90

    What is the role of the atomizer in AAS?

    To convert ions into atoms

  • 91

    Which of the following can be added to AAS samples to form stable complexes with phosphate?

    Lanthanum or strontium chloride

  • 92

    Which of the following is NOT an interference in AAS?

    pH of the solution

  • 93

    Which property of a solution affects turbidimetry the most?

    Particle concentration and size

  • 94

    Turbidimetry is different from nephelometry because:

    It measures the amount of light blocked, rather than scattered

  • 95

    Which principle does nephelometry rely on?

    Scattering of light by suspended particles

  • 96

    Which method is best for detecting bacterial growth in broth cultures?

    Turbidimetry

  • 97

    Which type of light detector is commonly used in nephelometry?

    Photomultiplier tube (PM tube)

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    The primary goal is the isolation of discreet portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.

    Photoelectric Colorimetry

  • 2

    Measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength

    Spectophotometric measurement

  • 3

    Measurementof light intensity without consideration of the wavelength

    Photometric measurement

  • 4

    Involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution.

    Spectophotometry

  • 5

    Simplest type of spectrophotometer Designed for one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength.

    Single Beam Spectophotometry

  • 6

    Instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components

    Double Beam Spectophotometry

  • 7

    In Double beam spectophotometry, One beam passes throughout the sample and the other beam passes through a reference solution or _____

    Reagent blank

  • 8

    Uses 2 photodetectors, forthe sample and the reference beam.

    Double-beam in space

  • 9

    Uses 1 photodetector only and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating sector minor.

    Double-beam in time

  • 10

    Uses 1 photodetector only and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then reference cuvet using a _____________

    Chopper or rotating sector mirror

  • 11

    The visible light it travels with the speed of

    3000 km/sec

  • 12

    colors of Longest to shortes wavelength (in order)

    Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

  • 13

    Infrared (IR)

    Invisible

  • 14

    Ultraviolet (UV)

    Invisible

  • 15

    ranges of Visible colors

    350-700

  • 16

    it isolate the wavelength of light

    Prism or Granting

  • 17

    Provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient energy or power to measure the analyte of interest

    Light/Radiant Sourcd

  • 18

    Emits radiation that changes intensity and is widely use in the laboratory

    Continuum Source

  • 19

    Emits limited radiation and wavelength

    Line source

  • 20

    Mercury and Sodium vapor

    UV and visible ragion

  • 21

    Tungsten

    visible and infrared region

  • 22

    Deuterium

    UV light

  • 23

    also used as light sources for spectrophotometer

    Laser

  • 24

    Minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system.

    Entrance slit

  • 25

    Any _______ outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.

    Wavelength

  • 26

    Isolates specific or individual wavelength of light

    Monochromator

  • 27

    Wedge shaped pieces of glass, quartz or sodium chloride

    Prism

  • 28

    Can be rotated, allowing only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit

    Prism

  • 29

    Diffraction Gratings is Made by cutting grooves How many per inch?

    15,000 - 30,000 per inch

  • 30

    Most commonly used monochromator in the laboratory

    Diffraction Gratings

  • 31

    Simple, less expensive, and Not precise but they are useful

    Filters

  • 32

    It Produce monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves

    Filters

  • 33

    It is the total range of wavelength transmitted

    Bandpass

  • 34

    Holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured

    Cuvet

  • 35

    The most commonly used, specifically when measuring from 350-2000 nanometers/nm)

    Alumina silica glass

  • 36

    How many nanometers/nm measuring using Alumina silica glass

    350-2000 nm

  • 37

    What happens if a cuvet has scratches on its optical surface?

    It scatters the light and should be discarded

  • 38

    At what wavelength do silica cuvettes effectively transmit light?

    Greater or equal to 220 nm

  • 39

    What can happen if an alkaline solution is left standing in a cuvet?

    It dissolves the glass, producing etching

  • 40

    Why should scratched cuvettes be discarded?

    They scatter light, affecting measurements

  • 41

    What is the main fucntion of Phototube

    To emit electrons when light energy strikes a photosensitive material

  • 42

    What is the required for a phototube to operate

    External voltage

  • 43

    What makes photomultiplier tube (PMT) different from a phototube

    It contains dynodes to amplify signals

  • 44

    Why should a photomultiplier tube not be exposed to room light?

    It will burn out

  • 45

    Which of the following best describes a photodiode?

    Most useful as a simultaneous multichannel detector

  • 46

    Which detector is described as having excellent linearity but is less sensitive than a PMT?

    Photodiode

  • 47

    Which detector is commonly used to measure visible and UV light?

    Photomultiplier Tube

  • 48

    What component inside a photomultiplier tube is responsible for amplifying the electron signal?

    Dynodes

  • 49

    Which detector is least sensitive to light but can detect multiple wavelengths?

    Photodide

  • 50

    What does wavelength accuracy mean in spectrophotometry?

    The indicated wavelength on the control dial matches the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator.

  • 51

    What is stray light in spectrophotometry?

    Wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.

  • 52

    Linearity in spectrophotometry is demonstrated when:

    A change in concentration results in a straight-line calibration curve.

  • 53

    What does Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) measure?

    The emission of light by a single atom burned in a flame.

  • 54

    What is the principle of Flame Emission Photometry?

    Excitation of electrons from lower to higher state energy.

  • 55

    Which of the following is used as an internal standard in FEP?

    Lithium or Cesium

  • 56

    What does a reagent blank correct for in spectrophotometry?

    The color of the reagent.

  • 57

    What does a blank contain in the blanking technique?

    Serum but without the reagent.

  • 58

    According to Beer’s Law, the concentration of an unknown substance is:

    Directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely related to transmitted light.

  • 59

    What is another term for absorbance?

    Optical density

  • 60

    Absorbance cannot be measured directly by a spectrophotometer but is mathematically derived from:

    % Transmittance

  • 61

    Which of the following factors can affect the linearity of a calibration curve in spectrophotometry?

    All of the above

  • 62

    What is the primary light source used in Flame Emission Photometry?

    Flame

  • 63

    What is the purpose of using an internal standard in FEP?

    To correct variations in flame and atomizer characteristics.

  • 64

    Which of the following elements are commonly analyzed using FEP?

    Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

  • 65

    Why is a reagent blank necessary in spectrophotometric assays?

    To correct for absorbance caused by the color of the reagent.

  • 66

    When measuring absorbance, a blank should be prepared:

    Using the sample and reagent in the absence of the end product.

  • 67

    Why might the blanking technique not be effective in some cases?

    If there is too much turbidity in the sample.

  • 68

    What is the relationship between % transmittance and absorbance?

    They are inversely related.

  • 69

    If a solution has a high absorbance value, what does that indicate?

    It absorbs a large amount of light.

  • 70

    The fraction of incident light that passes through a sample is known as:

    % Transmittance

  • 71

    What is the principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)?

    Element is merely dissociated from its chemical bond and placed in an unexcited, ground state

  • 72

    What type of light source is used in AAS?

    Hollow cathode tube

  • 73

    AAS is used for the measurement of:

    Unexcited trace metals

  • 74

    Which of the following is an interference in AAS?

    Chemical, matrix, and ionization

  • 75

    Why is AAS considered more sensitive than Flame Emission Photometry (FEP)?

    It is accurate, precise, and very specific

  • 76

    What is the principle of volumetric analysis?

    The sample is made to react with a known solution in the presence of an indicator

  • 77

    Which of the following is an example of a volumetric method?

    EDTA titration method

  • 78

    Which of the following is used in volumetric chloride testing?

    Schales and Schales method

  • 79

    What does turbidimetry measure?

    The amount of light blocked by particles in suspension

  • 80

    Turbidimetry depends on:

    Specimen concentration and particle size

  • 81

    What type of instrument is used in turbidimetry?

    Visible photometers or spectrophotometers

  • 82

    Turbidimetry is commonly used for:

    Protein measurements (CSF and urine) and detecting bacterial growth in broth cultures

  • 83

    What makes nephelometry more sensitive than turbidimetry?

    It measures small scattered light intensity against a black background

  • 84

    Nephelometry is used to measure:

    The amount of scattered light by particulate matter in a turbid solution

  • 85

    At what angle is scattered light measured in nephelometry?

    15-90 degrees

  • 86

    What factor influences light scattering in nephelometry?

    Wavelength and particle size

  • 87

    Why is nephelometry preferred over turbidimetry for low concentration measurements?

    Light scattering is more sensitive at lower concentrations

  • 88

    Which of the following is a component of nephelometry instrumentation?

    Photodetector

  • 89

    Which of the following is used to modulate the light source in AAS?

    Chopper

  • 90

    What is the role of the atomizer in AAS?

    To convert ions into atoms

  • 91

    Which of the following can be added to AAS samples to form stable complexes with phosphate?

    Lanthanum or strontium chloride

  • 92

    Which of the following is NOT an interference in AAS?

    pH of the solution

  • 93

    Which property of a solution affects turbidimetry the most?

    Particle concentration and size

  • 94

    Turbidimetry is different from nephelometry because:

    It measures the amount of light blocked, rather than scattered

  • 95

    Which principle does nephelometry rely on?

    Scattering of light by suspended particles

  • 96

    Which method is best for detecting bacterial growth in broth cultures?

    Turbidimetry

  • 97

    Which type of light detector is commonly used in nephelometry?

    Photomultiplier tube (PM tube)