dealt with the positions and activities of the parts of the human body that produce speech sounds, with the transition from one position to another, and with the qualities and direction of the air stream that is emitted when a person speaks.(the description and classification speech sounds articulated by the speech apparatus)*

study of how speech sounds are heard, recognized, and understood by the human ear and brain

how speech sounds are produced by the movement and coordination of the vocal organs, such as the tongue, lips, teeth, vocal cords, and the soft palate

Daniel Jones

Experimental method

noise consonant

weak

[ts, dz, tr, dr, tө, dð]

[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h].

[d] presents a voiced alveolar plosive variant.

rounded or unrounded

consonant-vowel (CV) sound combination pattern.

Two sounds of a different nature are joined together

consonants of a similar or identical nature are joined together

allophonic variations of speech sounds

is the weakening of vowels in unstressed positions

R.H.Stetson

phonological

4 types

nucleus

The number of syllables in English words can vary from 1 to 8 (day [dei], baby ['beibi], family ['famili], generation [' dzend'rein], liberality [' hiba'ralti], responsibility [ris 'ponse 'biliti], irresponsibility [ins ponso'biliti], incomprehensibility [in'kompri'hense'biliti].

phonotactics

L.V. Shcherba

O. Jespersen

open syllables ending in a vowel phoneme ( I[ ai ] me [mi :] , spy [ spai] , spray [ sprei]

consonants preceding the nucleus make up the syllable onset.

consonants following the nucleus make up the syllable coda.

The combination of the nucleus and the coda makes up the rhyming property of a syllable

1) the initial stage (2) the medial stage 3) the final stage

Word stress

force of breath

through the intensity of articulation

This statement explains that in some languages, a stressed syllable is emphasized primarily by changing the pitch or musical tone, which is referred to as a “musical” or “tonic” accent. This type of accent is typical in languages like Japanese, Korean, and other oriental languages.

In both English and Russian, word stress is flexible and can change, which helps to distinguish between different words, parts of speech, and grammatical forms. This shifting stress can change the meaning of words.

Unstressed syllable

morphemes, words and phrases, each of them characterized by a certain syllabic structure.

Word stress alone is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms

The accentual types are met in initial compound abbreviations like 'U'S'A, 'U‘K.

M. Halliday

certainty, completeness, and independence

A rising tone on the contrary expresses uncertainty, incompleteness or dependence

The term tempo implies the rate of the utterance and pausation.

The truly materialistic view of the phoneme was first proposed by an outstanding linguist L.V. Shcherba and supported by V.A. Vassilyev and other phoneticians.

As a material unit, the phoneme performs the function of distinguishing meaning between words in a language.

oral, nasal

a social marker a prestige accent

occlusive constrictive

Plosive,fricative,affricate

Physical properties of speech sounds, including the their frequency duration and amplitude,often analyzed using instruments like spectograms

Theoretical phonetics is a part of linguistics, dealing with the theoretical aspects of speech sound production.

tongue and lips

descriptive phonetics and historical phonetics

1.articulatory phonetics 2.direct observation method 3.phonology(linguistic phonetics) 4.linguistic method 5.acoustic phonetics 6.experimental method

[d], [r], [θ], [ð], [n], [m], [j]

British English, American English

United States English, Canadian English

1)real 2)objective

1)both within words 2) at word boundaries.

1) (zero reduction) is the complete omission of the unstressed vowel which is realized in connected speech under the influence of tempo, rhythm 2)style of speech.

Russian linguists identify five intonation styles: solemn, scientific business, official business, everyday, and familiar

The objects of phonetic investigation are the following: phonemes and their distribution in words, their mutual adaptation, stress, syllable formation, intonation, the relation between oral and written speech and a number of other problems.

main objects of theoretical phonetics are speech sounds, syllabic structure, word stress, and intonation

It is based on the assumption that each sound is characterized by a certain degree of sonority which determines its perceptibility.

Dialects are distinguished from each other by differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.

forelingual consonants [t, d, s, z, ∫, j, θ, ð, t∫, ʤ, n, l, r], produced with the tip of the tongue; — mediolingual consonant [j], produced with the front part of the tongue; — backlingual (velar) consonants [k, g, ŋ], produced with the back part of the tongue

monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids

The monophthongs are divided into two varieties according to their length: short vowels, long vowels

distinctive, constitutive and recognitive.

Initiation Phonation Articulation

Аssimilation Аccommodation Elision, and Inserting

—forelingual consonants [t, d, s, z, ∫, j, θ, ð, t∫, ʤ, n, l, r], produced with the tip of the tongue; — mediolingual consonant [j], produced with the front part of the tongue; — backlingual (velar) consonants [k, g, ŋ], produced with the back part of the tongue

monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids

The monophthongs are divided into two varieties according to their length: short vowels, long vowels

distinctive, constitutive and recognitive.

Initiation Phonation Articulation

Аssimilation Аccommodation Elision, and Inserting

Progressive assimilation Regressive assimilation Reciprocal assimilation

Reduction is the weakening of vowels in unstressed positions, determined by the position of a vowel, the stress structure of a word or the tempo of speech.

P.I.Avanesov, P.S.Kuznetsov, A.A.Reformatsky.

Reduced, omitted and repeated