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LAMINITIS
92問 • 5ヶ月前
  • Rein
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    What is laminitis?

    Inflammation of the laminae

  • 2

    Which term refers to the chronic form of laminitis where the coffin bone has detached?

    Founder

  • 3

    What separates as a result of laminitis?

    The dermal and epidermal junction

  • 4

    What clinical form of laminitis is associated with grain overload or grass founder?

    Gastrointestinal/toxic

  • 5

    Which bone is involved in displacement during laminitis?

    Coffin bone

  • 6

    Name two types of displacement that can occur in laminitis.

    Rotation, Sinking

  • 7

    Which disease can predispose a horse to laminitis?

    Cushing's disease

  • 8

    What metabolic problem increases the risk of laminitis?

    Increased glucose/insulin resistance

  • 9

    Which group is more prone to laminitis: older horses, young stallions, or only Thoroughbreds?

    Older horses

  • 10

    What is a clinical sign of the acute stage of laminitis?

    Clinical signs are present but no movement of the coffin bone on radiographs

  • 11

    What is the subacute stage of laminitis?

    In between the acute and chronic stages

  • 12

    Which clinical form of laminitis is associated with retained placenta or colitis?

    Gastrointestinal/toxic

  • 13

    What is a mechanical or musculoskeletal cause of laminitis?

    Unilateral lameness

  • 14

    Which hoof conformation increases risk for laminitis?

    Long toe/low heel

  • 15

    Name a stage of laminitis that occurs before clinical signs appear.

    Developmental

  • 16

    Which type of surfaces increase the risk for laminitis?

    Hard surfaces

  • 17

    What word is sometimes used interchangeably with the chronic stage of laminitis?

    Founder

  • 18

    Which breeds are more commonly predisposed to laminitis?

    Non-Thoroughbred breeds

  • 19

    What clinical finding distinguishes chronic laminitis from the acute stage?

    Movement of the coffin bone within the hoof

  • 20

    Which of the following is an idiopathic cause of laminitis?

    Unknown or not linked to other known predisposing factors

  • 21

    What is a common clinical sign of laminitis when turning a horse?

    Lameness especially when turned

  • 22

    On which type of surface is the lameness usually worse in laminitic horses?

    Hard surfaces

  • 23

    Which pulse is commonly increased in a horse with laminitis?

    Digital pulse

  • 24

    Where is heat often present in a laminitic horse?

    Over dorsal hoof wall

  • 25

    Which limbs are most commonly affected in laminitis?

    Both front feet

  • 26

    What can cause all four feet to be affected in laminitis?

    Very sick horses

  • 27

    What is often affected in draft horses with laminitis?

    Both rear feet

  • 28

    What can cause laminitis in a single foot?

    Excessive weight-bearing

  • 29

    Approximately how long after grain overload may laminitis develop?

    24-72 hours

  • 30

    What is one reason many horses with acute/subacute laminitis are not recognized?

    The signs are mild

  • 31

    Which of these is NOT a gross pathological change seen in laminitis?

    Edema, Hemorrhage, Laminar separation, Structural damage

  • 32

    Which physiological alteration is noted in laminitis?

    Hypertension

  • 33

    What is a result of sympathetic stimulation in laminitis?

    Tachycardia

  • 34

    What pathologic alteration occurs in the coagulation system during laminitis?

    Coagulopathy (systemic/local)

  • 35

    Name one theory for the cause of laminitis.

    Vascular theory, Toxic/enzymatic theory, Traumatic/mechanical theory, Glucose/insulin resistance theory

  • 36

    What is a common end-result in the foot across different causes of laminitis?

    Inflammation, Breakdown of basement membrane of laminae

  • 37

    What leads to too little blood reaching the foot in laminitis?

    Reflex hyperemia—compartment syndrome

  • 38

    What is a structural failure noted in laminitis?

    Structural failure of laminae

  • 39

    What does the toxic/enzymatic theory suggest happens in laminitis?

    Excessive blood to foot, "Trigger factors" within blood initiate damage, Enzymes/mediators cause damage, Secondary inflammation

  • 40

    What factors can act as 'triggers' in the toxic/enzymatic theory?

    Factors from the gut or uterus

  • 41

    Where does structural failure occur in laminitis?

    In the laminae

  • 42

    Mechanical theory attributes laminitis to:

    Traumatic tearing of laminae from excessive weight bearing

  • 43

    How does pain in laminitis potentially worsen the disease?

    By increasing cortisol

  • 44

    Which hormone is associated with increased levels in laminitic horses, as part of the disease process?

    Insulin

  • 45

    What vascular event can occur in digital vessels during laminitis?

    Vasospasm

  • 46

    Which metabolic alteration is found in laminitis?

    Systemic/local coagulopathy

  • 47

    What is the term for separation between sensitive and insensitive laminae in the horse?

    Laminar separation

  • 48

    Which of the following is NOT a potential theory of laminitis pathogenesis?

    Glucose/insulin resistance theory, Vascular theory, Toxic/enzymatic theory, Traumatic/mechanical theory

  • 49

    Which statement is true about developmental period of laminitis?

    It is variable

  • 50

    Which of the following would NOT likely directly result from laminitis?

    Lyme disease

  • 51

    Which statement about the acute/subacute forms of laminitis is correct?

    They may often go unrecognized in mild cases

  • 52

    What initiates damage in the toxic-enzymatic theory of laminitis?

    Trigger factors in blood from gut or uterus

  • 53

    In the mechanical theory, what is the primary insult to the hoof?

    Traumatic tearing of laminae by weight-bearing

  • 54

    How is secondary inflammation involved in laminitis?

    It accompanies or follows primary foot insult

  • 55

    What kind of horses are more likely to have all four feet affected?

    Very sick horses

  • 56

    An increase in which vital sign is commonly seen in laminitic horses?

    Heart rate (tachycardia)

  • 57

    Which outcome do all main theories of laminitis have in common?

    Structural failure of the laminae

  • 58

    Which process occurs BEFORE clinical signs of laminitis?

    Much occurs in the foot (developmental phase) before signs show

  • 59

    In the disease process of laminitis, what control do we have over initial laminar damage?

    Minimal control

  • 60

    Laminar separation in laminitis leads to:

    Structural instability in the foot

  • 61

    Secondary inflammation in the foot due to laminitis is often a result of:

    Primary metabolic or mechanical insult

  • 62

    What are the two main metabolic factors thought to contribute to laminitis according to the Glucose/IR Theory?

    Hyperglycemia, Insulin resistance

  • 63

    What effect does insulin resistance have on the cells of the laminae?

    Impaired glucose uptake

  • 64

    Which of the following clinical signs is commonly associated with laminitis?

    Increased digital pulses

  • 65

    During chronic laminitis, what kind of hoof landing may be observed?

    Heel-toe landing

  • 66

    Which technique may result in pain reduction in laminitis when correctly applied to the affected area?

    Local anesthesia (palmar digital, basi-sesamoid or abaxial blocks)

  • 67

    Radiography in laminitis may show which of the following changes?

    Rotation, sinking or bounding of the coffin bone

  • 68

    What is an important preventive goal in chronic laminitis?

    To limit further movement of the coffin bone

  • 69

    Which of the following is a part of treating the inciting cause in laminitis?

    Minimize toxemia or 'trigger factors'

  • 70

    Which medication is specifically mentioned for Cushing's disease-related laminitis?

    Pergolide

  • 71

    What dietary change is recommended for horses with metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance to help manage laminitis?

    Decrease glycemic index (CHOs)

  • 72

    What is a suggested physical/mechanical support for the affected foot in acute laminitis?

    Styrofoam, sand, frog pads, soft putty

  • 73

    Name a method of initial pain management in acute laminitis.

    Cryotherapy (ice)

  • 74

    What is the purpose of minimizing toe length (removing the shoe) in laminitis treatment?

    Increase weight bearing surface area

  • 75

    Why might anti-inflammatory drugs be used in the management of laminitis?

    To reduce inflammation and pain

  • 76

    Which of the following is used to support weight bearing in horses suffering from laminitis?

    Sling

  • 77

    What is a common sign detected over the dorsal hoof wall in a horse with laminitis?

    Heat

  • 78

    In chronic laminitis, what kind of distortion might you observe in the hoof?

    Hoof distortion/heel-toe landing

  • 79

    Why is early detection and minimizing of toe length crucial in laminitis management?

    To prevent excessive mechanical leverage on the weakened laminae

  • 80

    What is one purpose of using mineral oil in the treatment of laminitis?

    Minimize absorption of toxins

  • 81

    Which systemic medication might be considered for pain control in laminitis cases?

    Flunixin meglumine

  • 82

    What is the goal of beveling the dorsal hoof wall in laminitis?

    Reduce stress on the toe/laminae

  • 83

    What secondary condition to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance may occur in the laminae?

    Secondary inflammation

  • 84

    Which of the following is recommended to minimize severity of acute laminar damage?

    Prompt initiation of preventive measures

  • 85

    For horses with Cushing's disease-related laminitis, what two medications are indicated?

    Pergolide, Thyroxine

  • 86

    What kind of blocks are used for local anesthesia in laminitis cases?

    Palmar digital, basi-sesamoid, abaxial blocks

  • 87

    Blocking the palmar digital nerve in a horse with laminitis should result in:

    Improvement of lameness

  • 88

    What pathological failure ultimately occurs in severe laminitis according to the provided theory?

    Structural failure of laminae

  • 89

    Which type of drug may be considered experimentally to improve blood flow in laminitis?

    Vasodilatory drugs

  • 90

    What is a general goal of both prevention and treatment in laminitis, regardless of stage?

    Prevent or limit progression of disease and laminar damage

  • 91

    Acute laminitis therapy focuses primarily on which treatment concepts?

    Minimize severity of laminar damage

  • 92

    What is DMSO used for in laminitis management according to the text?

    Reducing inflammation and minimizing damage

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    What is laminitis?

    Inflammation of the laminae

  • 2

    Which term refers to the chronic form of laminitis where the coffin bone has detached?

    Founder

  • 3

    What separates as a result of laminitis?

    The dermal and epidermal junction

  • 4

    What clinical form of laminitis is associated with grain overload or grass founder?

    Gastrointestinal/toxic

  • 5

    Which bone is involved in displacement during laminitis?

    Coffin bone

  • 6

    Name two types of displacement that can occur in laminitis.

    Rotation, Sinking

  • 7

    Which disease can predispose a horse to laminitis?

    Cushing's disease

  • 8

    What metabolic problem increases the risk of laminitis?

    Increased glucose/insulin resistance

  • 9

    Which group is more prone to laminitis: older horses, young stallions, or only Thoroughbreds?

    Older horses

  • 10

    What is a clinical sign of the acute stage of laminitis?

    Clinical signs are present but no movement of the coffin bone on radiographs

  • 11

    What is the subacute stage of laminitis?

    In between the acute and chronic stages

  • 12

    Which clinical form of laminitis is associated with retained placenta or colitis?

    Gastrointestinal/toxic

  • 13

    What is a mechanical or musculoskeletal cause of laminitis?

    Unilateral lameness

  • 14

    Which hoof conformation increases risk for laminitis?

    Long toe/low heel

  • 15

    Name a stage of laminitis that occurs before clinical signs appear.

    Developmental

  • 16

    Which type of surfaces increase the risk for laminitis?

    Hard surfaces

  • 17

    What word is sometimes used interchangeably with the chronic stage of laminitis?

    Founder

  • 18

    Which breeds are more commonly predisposed to laminitis?

    Non-Thoroughbred breeds

  • 19

    What clinical finding distinguishes chronic laminitis from the acute stage?

    Movement of the coffin bone within the hoof

  • 20

    Which of the following is an idiopathic cause of laminitis?

    Unknown or not linked to other known predisposing factors

  • 21

    What is a common clinical sign of laminitis when turning a horse?

    Lameness especially when turned

  • 22

    On which type of surface is the lameness usually worse in laminitic horses?

    Hard surfaces

  • 23

    Which pulse is commonly increased in a horse with laminitis?

    Digital pulse

  • 24

    Where is heat often present in a laminitic horse?

    Over dorsal hoof wall

  • 25

    Which limbs are most commonly affected in laminitis?

    Both front feet

  • 26

    What can cause all four feet to be affected in laminitis?

    Very sick horses

  • 27

    What is often affected in draft horses with laminitis?

    Both rear feet

  • 28

    What can cause laminitis in a single foot?

    Excessive weight-bearing

  • 29

    Approximately how long after grain overload may laminitis develop?

    24-72 hours

  • 30

    What is one reason many horses with acute/subacute laminitis are not recognized?

    The signs are mild

  • 31

    Which of these is NOT a gross pathological change seen in laminitis?

    Edema, Hemorrhage, Laminar separation, Structural damage

  • 32

    Which physiological alteration is noted in laminitis?

    Hypertension

  • 33

    What is a result of sympathetic stimulation in laminitis?

    Tachycardia

  • 34

    What pathologic alteration occurs in the coagulation system during laminitis?

    Coagulopathy (systemic/local)

  • 35

    Name one theory for the cause of laminitis.

    Vascular theory, Toxic/enzymatic theory, Traumatic/mechanical theory, Glucose/insulin resistance theory

  • 36

    What is a common end-result in the foot across different causes of laminitis?

    Inflammation, Breakdown of basement membrane of laminae

  • 37

    What leads to too little blood reaching the foot in laminitis?

    Reflex hyperemia—compartment syndrome

  • 38

    What is a structural failure noted in laminitis?

    Structural failure of laminae

  • 39

    What does the toxic/enzymatic theory suggest happens in laminitis?

    Excessive blood to foot, "Trigger factors" within blood initiate damage, Enzymes/mediators cause damage, Secondary inflammation

  • 40

    What factors can act as 'triggers' in the toxic/enzymatic theory?

    Factors from the gut or uterus

  • 41

    Where does structural failure occur in laminitis?

    In the laminae

  • 42

    Mechanical theory attributes laminitis to:

    Traumatic tearing of laminae from excessive weight bearing

  • 43

    How does pain in laminitis potentially worsen the disease?

    By increasing cortisol

  • 44

    Which hormone is associated with increased levels in laminitic horses, as part of the disease process?

    Insulin

  • 45

    What vascular event can occur in digital vessels during laminitis?

    Vasospasm

  • 46

    Which metabolic alteration is found in laminitis?

    Systemic/local coagulopathy

  • 47

    What is the term for separation between sensitive and insensitive laminae in the horse?

    Laminar separation

  • 48

    Which of the following is NOT a potential theory of laminitis pathogenesis?

    Glucose/insulin resistance theory, Vascular theory, Toxic/enzymatic theory, Traumatic/mechanical theory

  • 49

    Which statement is true about developmental period of laminitis?

    It is variable

  • 50

    Which of the following would NOT likely directly result from laminitis?

    Lyme disease

  • 51

    Which statement about the acute/subacute forms of laminitis is correct?

    They may often go unrecognized in mild cases

  • 52

    What initiates damage in the toxic-enzymatic theory of laminitis?

    Trigger factors in blood from gut or uterus

  • 53

    In the mechanical theory, what is the primary insult to the hoof?

    Traumatic tearing of laminae by weight-bearing

  • 54

    How is secondary inflammation involved in laminitis?

    It accompanies or follows primary foot insult

  • 55

    What kind of horses are more likely to have all four feet affected?

    Very sick horses

  • 56

    An increase in which vital sign is commonly seen in laminitic horses?

    Heart rate (tachycardia)

  • 57

    Which outcome do all main theories of laminitis have in common?

    Structural failure of the laminae

  • 58

    Which process occurs BEFORE clinical signs of laminitis?

    Much occurs in the foot (developmental phase) before signs show

  • 59

    In the disease process of laminitis, what control do we have over initial laminar damage?

    Minimal control

  • 60

    Laminar separation in laminitis leads to:

    Structural instability in the foot

  • 61

    Secondary inflammation in the foot due to laminitis is often a result of:

    Primary metabolic or mechanical insult

  • 62

    What are the two main metabolic factors thought to contribute to laminitis according to the Glucose/IR Theory?

    Hyperglycemia, Insulin resistance

  • 63

    What effect does insulin resistance have on the cells of the laminae?

    Impaired glucose uptake

  • 64

    Which of the following clinical signs is commonly associated with laminitis?

    Increased digital pulses

  • 65

    During chronic laminitis, what kind of hoof landing may be observed?

    Heel-toe landing

  • 66

    Which technique may result in pain reduction in laminitis when correctly applied to the affected area?

    Local anesthesia (palmar digital, basi-sesamoid or abaxial blocks)

  • 67

    Radiography in laminitis may show which of the following changes?

    Rotation, sinking or bounding of the coffin bone

  • 68

    What is an important preventive goal in chronic laminitis?

    To limit further movement of the coffin bone

  • 69

    Which of the following is a part of treating the inciting cause in laminitis?

    Minimize toxemia or 'trigger factors'

  • 70

    Which medication is specifically mentioned for Cushing's disease-related laminitis?

    Pergolide

  • 71

    What dietary change is recommended for horses with metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance to help manage laminitis?

    Decrease glycemic index (CHOs)

  • 72

    What is a suggested physical/mechanical support for the affected foot in acute laminitis?

    Styrofoam, sand, frog pads, soft putty

  • 73

    Name a method of initial pain management in acute laminitis.

    Cryotherapy (ice)

  • 74

    What is the purpose of minimizing toe length (removing the shoe) in laminitis treatment?

    Increase weight bearing surface area

  • 75

    Why might anti-inflammatory drugs be used in the management of laminitis?

    To reduce inflammation and pain

  • 76

    Which of the following is used to support weight bearing in horses suffering from laminitis?

    Sling

  • 77

    What is a common sign detected over the dorsal hoof wall in a horse with laminitis?

    Heat

  • 78

    In chronic laminitis, what kind of distortion might you observe in the hoof?

    Hoof distortion/heel-toe landing

  • 79

    Why is early detection and minimizing of toe length crucial in laminitis management?

    To prevent excessive mechanical leverage on the weakened laminae

  • 80

    What is one purpose of using mineral oil in the treatment of laminitis?

    Minimize absorption of toxins

  • 81

    Which systemic medication might be considered for pain control in laminitis cases?

    Flunixin meglumine

  • 82

    What is the goal of beveling the dorsal hoof wall in laminitis?

    Reduce stress on the toe/laminae

  • 83

    What secondary condition to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance may occur in the laminae?

    Secondary inflammation

  • 84

    Which of the following is recommended to minimize severity of acute laminar damage?

    Prompt initiation of preventive measures

  • 85

    For horses with Cushing's disease-related laminitis, what two medications are indicated?

    Pergolide, Thyroxine

  • 86

    What kind of blocks are used for local anesthesia in laminitis cases?

    Palmar digital, basi-sesamoid, abaxial blocks

  • 87

    Blocking the palmar digital nerve in a horse with laminitis should result in:

    Improvement of lameness

  • 88

    What pathological failure ultimately occurs in severe laminitis according to the provided theory?

    Structural failure of laminae

  • 89

    Which type of drug may be considered experimentally to improve blood flow in laminitis?

    Vasodilatory drugs

  • 90

    What is a general goal of both prevention and treatment in laminitis, regardless of stage?

    Prevent or limit progression of disease and laminar damage

  • 91

    Acute laminitis therapy focuses primarily on which treatment concepts?

    Minimize severity of laminar damage

  • 92

    What is DMSO used for in laminitis management according to the text?

    Reducing inflammation and minimizing damage