DIURETICS

65問 • 3ヶ月前

Rein

通報

問題一覧

What is the primary action of diuretics?

Induce or promote urination

When are diuretics commonly used? (Select all that apply)

Edema, Urinary system problems, Toxication

Which of the following are examples of osmotic diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Mannitol, Sorbitol, Inositol, Glycerin, Isosorbide

What is the main mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?

They increase osmotic pressure within the lumen of the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle

Which of the following conditions can be treated with osmotic diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Nephritis, Renal failure, Urolithiasis, Cystitis

Which condition related to cerebrospinal fluid can osmotic diuretics help regulate?

Hydrocephalus (CSF regulation)

Osmotic diuretics are used to manage which ophthalmic condition by regulating intraocular fluid?

Glaucoma

Which of the following drugs is an osmotic diuretic commonly used to reduce intraocular pressure?

Mannitol

Which of the following are examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide, Methazolamide, Ethoxzolamide

What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the kidney?

They inhibit resorption of bicarbonate by tubular cells, leading to increased bicarbonate in the tubular lumen

Which conditions are treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Chronic glaucoma, Acute mountain (high altitude) sickness, Adjunct to treatment of epilepsy, Reduction of intraocular pressure, Udder edema

Which drug class is mentioned as an adjunct treatment for epilepsy in the text?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide)

Which ion's handling is primarily affected by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the renal tubule?

Bicarbonate

Which diuretic class increases osmotic pressure within the lumen of the proximal tubule and loop of Henle?

Osmotic diuretics

Which of the following drugs is NOT an osmotic diuretic?

Acetazolamide

Which drug is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used to help prevent acute mountain sickness?

Acetazolamide

According to the text, high alkaline urine is associated with which type of stone?

Urinary stone (associated with high alkaline urine)

Which diuretic class is listed in the text as a treatment option for cystitis?

Osmotic diuretics

Which of the following can reduce intraocular pressure according to the text? (Select all that apply)

Osmotic diuretics, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

One purpose of inducing polyuria with osmotic diuretics is to:

Eliminate toxins by increasing urine output

What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

Decrease sodium reabsorption in the renal tubule, leading to decreased fluid reabsorption

Which of the following is an example of a thiazide diuretic commonly used in human medicine?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Thiazide diuretics are used to treat which of the following conditions?

Edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal, cardiac, and hepatic origin, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Which drugs antagonize the action of aldosterone at its receptor?

Aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone

Spironolactone is described as which type of antagonist of aldosterone?

True competitive antagonist (binds the receptor prior to aldosterone)

Select the correct therapeutic uses of spironolactone (select all that apply).

Treatment of edema associated with renal, liver, or cardiac failure, Treatment of hypokalemia (potassium-sparing effect)

Which side effect or activity is characteristic of spironolactone?

Has estrogen-like (antiandrogenic) activity

What effect does heparin have on aldosterone?

Prevents release of aldosterone

Which enzyme/hormone is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to decreased renal perfusion (e.g., bleeding)?

Renin

In the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone cascade, angiotensin II acts primarily on which organ to stimulate aldosterone release?

Adrenal gland

Blocking the effect of aldosterone leads to which of the following physiologic outcomes?

Prevention of sodium reabsorption and increased water loss

Which of the following are examples of thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics? (select all that apply)

Chlorothiazide, Polythiazide, Cyclothiazide

Thiazide diuretics are indicated for edema associated with which origins? (select all that apply)

Congestive heart failure, Renal disease, Hepatic disease

Which diuretic class is potassium-sparing and helpful in treating hypokalemia caused by other diuretics?

Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone)

What change does the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect that triggers renin release during hemorrhage?

Decreased renal perfusion / reduced glomerular filtration (low plasma flow)

Which of the following are examples of methylxanthines?

Theophylline (aminophylline), Caffeine, Theobromine, Chlorazanil hydrochloride

What is the primary renal mechanism of action of methylxanthines?

Promotion of renal vascular vasodilation

Which clinical effects are produced by methylxanthines? (Select all that apply)

Increased cardiac function, Increased blood pressure, Increased glomerular filtration and diuresis (water release), Stimulation of defecation and urination

Which of the following drugs are potassium‑retaining (potassium‑sparing) diuretics?

Triamterene, Amiloride, Spironolactone, Eplerenone

What is the mechanism of action of triamterene and amiloride?

Prevent sodium reabsorption in the collecting tubule (block epithelial sodium channels)

How do spironolactone and eplerenone help conserve potassium?

By antagonizing (inhibiting) aldosterone receptors and thereby preventing excessive potassium excretion

For which conditions are potassium‑retaining agents commonly used? (Select all that apply)

Edema associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), Edema with liver cirrhosis, Edema related to nephrotic syndrome

Which methylxanthine is primarily associated with tea?

Theophylline (aminophylline)

Which drugs specifically act by inhibiting the aldosterone receptor? (Select all that apply)

Spironolactone, Eplerenone

Which of the following is NOT a potassium‑retaining agent?

Furosemide

What is the primary mechanism of action of loop (Loop of Henle) diuretics?

Inhibit sodium, potassium, and chloride transport (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Which of the following drugs is NOT a loop diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Which conditions are commonly treated with loop diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Edema, Pulmonary congestion, Ascites, Chronic heart failure

Which of the following are contraindications or important cautions when using loop diuretics?

Anuria, Concurrent use of NSAIDs, Concurrent use of aminoglycoside antibiotics

Which adverse effect is specifically associated with prolonged use of furosemide?

Ototoxicity presenting as buzzing sound (tinnitus)

Which condition in horses is known to be treated with furosemide?

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

Which class of diuretics is most commonly used in veterinary medicine according to the text?

Loop of Henle diuretics (loop diuretics)

Loop diuretics have a faster onset of action and notably do not act in which part of the nephron?

Convoluted tubules (proximal or distal convoluted tubules)

Which of the following are examples of loop diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide, Ethacrynic acid

Combining loop diuretics with which antibiotic class is especially concerning due to increased risk of ototoxicity?

Aminoglycosides

What is the primary mechanism of action of aquaretics according to the text?

Inhibit V2 receptors which mediate ADH

Which of the following are listed as examples of aquaretics in the text? (Select all that apply)

Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin), Lixivaptan, Tolvaptan, Conivaptan

Which clinical conditions are indicated for treatment with aquaretics in the provided text? (Select all that apply)

Edema associated with liver cirrhosis, Heart failure, Nephrogenic syndrome, Inappropriate secretion of ADH

Which drug is given as an example of a neural endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor in the text?

Ecadotril

What is the role of NEP (neural endopeptidase) with respect to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) according to the text?

NEP degrades atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Where is atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) produced and when is it released, as described in the text?

From the muscle of the right atrium; released in response to blood volume overload

Which effects are associated with dopamine (D1) receptor agonists such as fenoldopam according to the text? (Select all that apply)

Increase renal blood flow, Increase filtration, Induce natriuresis

Which drug class in the text is described as increasing renal blood flow and inducing natriuresis?

Dopamine (D1) receptor agonists (e.g., fenoldopam)

Inhibiting NEP would most directly lead to increased levels of which peptide that promotes sodium excretion and diuresis?

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Which receptor subtype do aquaretics target to counteract the action of ADH according to the provided text?

V2 receptors

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問題一覧

What is the primary action of diuretics?

Induce or promote urination

When are diuretics commonly used? (Select all that apply)

Edema, Urinary system problems, Toxication

Which of the following are examples of osmotic diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Mannitol, Sorbitol, Inositol, Glycerin, Isosorbide

What is the main mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?

They increase osmotic pressure within the lumen of the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle

Which of the following conditions can be treated with osmotic diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Nephritis, Renal failure, Urolithiasis, Cystitis

Which condition related to cerebrospinal fluid can osmotic diuretics help regulate?

Hydrocephalus (CSF regulation)

Osmotic diuretics are used to manage which ophthalmic condition by regulating intraocular fluid?

Glaucoma

Which of the following drugs is an osmotic diuretic commonly used to reduce intraocular pressure?

Mannitol

Which of the following are examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide, Methazolamide, Ethoxzolamide

What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the kidney?

They inhibit resorption of bicarbonate by tubular cells, leading to increased bicarbonate in the tubular lumen

Which conditions are treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Chronic glaucoma, Acute mountain (high altitude) sickness, Adjunct to treatment of epilepsy, Reduction of intraocular pressure, Udder edema

Which drug class is mentioned as an adjunct treatment for epilepsy in the text?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide)

Which ion's handling is primarily affected by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the renal tubule?

Bicarbonate

Which diuretic class increases osmotic pressure within the lumen of the proximal tubule and loop of Henle?

Osmotic diuretics

Which of the following drugs is NOT an osmotic diuretic?

Acetazolamide

Which drug is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used to help prevent acute mountain sickness?

Acetazolamide

According to the text, high alkaline urine is associated with which type of stone?

Urinary stone (associated with high alkaline urine)

Which diuretic class is listed in the text as a treatment option for cystitis?

Osmotic diuretics

Which of the following can reduce intraocular pressure according to the text? (Select all that apply)

Osmotic diuretics, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

One purpose of inducing polyuria with osmotic diuretics is to:

Eliminate toxins by increasing urine output

What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

Decrease sodium reabsorption in the renal tubule, leading to decreased fluid reabsorption

Which of the following is an example of a thiazide diuretic commonly used in human medicine?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Thiazide diuretics are used to treat which of the following conditions?

Edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal, cardiac, and hepatic origin, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Which drugs antagonize the action of aldosterone at its receptor?

Aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone

Spironolactone is described as which type of antagonist of aldosterone?

True competitive antagonist (binds the receptor prior to aldosterone)

Select the correct therapeutic uses of spironolactone (select all that apply).

Treatment of edema associated with renal, liver, or cardiac failure, Treatment of hypokalemia (potassium-sparing effect)

Which side effect or activity is characteristic of spironolactone?

Has estrogen-like (antiandrogenic) activity

What effect does heparin have on aldosterone?

Prevents release of aldosterone

Which enzyme/hormone is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to decreased renal perfusion (e.g., bleeding)?

Renin

In the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone cascade, angiotensin II acts primarily on which organ to stimulate aldosterone release?

Adrenal gland

Blocking the effect of aldosterone leads to which of the following physiologic outcomes?

Prevention of sodium reabsorption and increased water loss

Which of the following are examples of thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics? (select all that apply)

Chlorothiazide, Polythiazide, Cyclothiazide

Thiazide diuretics are indicated for edema associated with which origins? (select all that apply)

Congestive heart failure, Renal disease, Hepatic disease

Which diuretic class is potassium-sparing and helpful in treating hypokalemia caused by other diuretics?

Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone)

What change does the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect that triggers renin release during hemorrhage?

Decreased renal perfusion / reduced glomerular filtration (low plasma flow)

Which of the following are examples of methylxanthines?

Theophylline (aminophylline), Caffeine, Theobromine, Chlorazanil hydrochloride

What is the primary renal mechanism of action of methylxanthines?

Promotion of renal vascular vasodilation

Which clinical effects are produced by methylxanthines? (Select all that apply)

Increased cardiac function, Increased blood pressure, Increased glomerular filtration and diuresis (water release), Stimulation of defecation and urination

Which of the following drugs are potassium‑retaining (potassium‑sparing) diuretics?

Triamterene, Amiloride, Spironolactone, Eplerenone

What is the mechanism of action of triamterene and amiloride?

Prevent sodium reabsorption in the collecting tubule (block epithelial sodium channels)

How do spironolactone and eplerenone help conserve potassium?

By antagonizing (inhibiting) aldosterone receptors and thereby preventing excessive potassium excretion

For which conditions are potassium‑retaining agents commonly used? (Select all that apply)

Edema associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), Edema with liver cirrhosis, Edema related to nephrotic syndrome

Which methylxanthine is primarily associated with tea?

Theophylline (aminophylline)

Which drugs specifically act by inhibiting the aldosterone receptor? (Select all that apply)

Spironolactone, Eplerenone

Which of the following is NOT a potassium‑retaining agent?

Furosemide

What is the primary mechanism of action of loop (Loop of Henle) diuretics?

Inhibit sodium, potassium, and chloride transport (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Which of the following drugs is NOT a loop diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Which conditions are commonly treated with loop diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Edema, Pulmonary congestion, Ascites, Chronic heart failure

Which of the following are contraindications or important cautions when using loop diuretics?

Anuria, Concurrent use of NSAIDs, Concurrent use of aminoglycoside antibiotics

Which adverse effect is specifically associated with prolonged use of furosemide?

Ototoxicity presenting as buzzing sound (tinnitus)

Which condition in horses is known to be treated with furosemide?

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

Which class of diuretics is most commonly used in veterinary medicine according to the text?

Loop of Henle diuretics (loop diuretics)

Loop diuretics have a faster onset of action and notably do not act in which part of the nephron?

Convoluted tubules (proximal or distal convoluted tubules)

Which of the following are examples of loop diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide, Ethacrynic acid

Combining loop diuretics with which antibiotic class is especially concerning due to increased risk of ototoxicity?

Aminoglycosides

What is the primary mechanism of action of aquaretics according to the text?

Inhibit V2 receptors which mediate ADH

Which of the following are listed as examples of aquaretics in the text? (Select all that apply)

Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin), Lixivaptan, Tolvaptan, Conivaptan

Which clinical conditions are indicated for treatment with aquaretics in the provided text? (Select all that apply)

Edema associated with liver cirrhosis, Heart failure, Nephrogenic syndrome, Inappropriate secretion of ADH

Which drug is given as an example of a neural endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor in the text?

Ecadotril

What is the role of NEP (neural endopeptidase) with respect to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) according to the text?

NEP degrades atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Where is atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) produced and when is it released, as described in the text?

From the muscle of the right atrium; released in response to blood volume overload

Which effects are associated with dopamine (D1) receptor agonists such as fenoldopam according to the text? (Select all that apply)

Increase renal blood flow, Increase filtration, Induce natriuresis

Which drug class in the text is described as increasing renal blood flow and inducing natriuresis?

Dopamine (D1) receptor agonists (e.g., fenoldopam)

Inhibiting NEP would most directly lead to increased levels of which peptide that promotes sodium excretion and diuresis?

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Which receptor subtype do aquaretics target to counteract the action of ADH according to the provided text?

V2 receptors