FINAL RADTHERA

95問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Numerous technologies are allowing radiation oncologists and radiation therapists to increase radiation doses to various tumor sites. These include:

Conformal radiation therapy Dynamic wedging Independent jaws Electron portal imaging Image- Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)

Numerous technologies are allowing radiation oncologists and radiation therapists to increase radiation doses to various tumor sites.

state of art technologies

The field shape and beam angle change as the gantry moves around the patient, requires sophisticated computer controlled equipment.

3d conformal radthera

This is used for computerized shaping of the treatment field.

dynamic wedge

It has the ability, under computer control, to modify and shape the desired isodose distribution using the large field-defining collimation or jaw.

dynamic wedge

These are designed in such a way that wedge-dose distributions using varying field sizes yield excellent wedge-isodose distributions compared with physical wedges.

dynamic wedge

Dynamic wedges

physical, flying, dynamic

Exist to shield an area by using approximately HOW MANY leaves. These heavy, metal collimator rods slide into place to form the desired field shape by projecting 0.5-cm to 2-cm beam widths per rod.

52-160

Exist to shield an area by using approximately 52 to 160 leaves. These heavy, metal collimator rods slide into place to form the desired field shape by projecting HOW MUCH? beam widths per rod.

0.5-2cm

Another method of improving treatment-field accuracy and verification.

edip

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

epid

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for WHAT? or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in cassette holder for WHAT? field positions.

PA, lateral, and oblique

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the WHAT? for AP films or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

treatment couch

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in WHAT? for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

casette holder

With this, correct positioning of internal anatomic structures can be observed during the entire treatment process or checked by pretreatment imaging with the aid of computer system.

epid

With portal imaging technology, correct positioning of internal anatomic structures can be observed during the entire treatment process or checked by pretreatment imaging with the aid of WHAT?

computer system

The machine that was first particle accelerator that can accelerate electrons up to 2 MV

Van de graaf generator

The machine that was first particle accelerator that can accelerate electrons up to HOW MANY?

2mv

Developed by R.J Vaan de Graaf in 1931.

van de graaf generator

Developed by R.J Vaan de Graaf in WHAT YEAR?

1931

Developed by WHO? in 1931.

rj van de graaf

Developed by Kerst in 1941

betatrons

Betatron Developed by Kerst in WHAT YEAR?

1941

Developed by WHO in 1941

kerst

Machine in which electrons are accelerated in circular orbit via changing the magnetic fields.

betatrons

The accelerating tube is shaped like a doughnut by an injector at an instant that the alternating current cycle begins.

betatrons

Machine in which electrons are accelerated in WHAT orbit via changing the magnetic fields.

circular orbit

Betatrons Machine in which electrons are accelerated in circular orbit via what?

changing the magnetic fields.

The electrons can be extracted from tis orbit to produce an electron beam

betatrons

Replaced by LINAC

betatrons

The machine consists of a magnet fed by an alternating current of frequency between 50 and 200 Hz. The electrons are made to circulate in a toroidal (doughnut shaped) vacuum chamber that is placed into the gap between two magnet pole

betatrons

The machine consists of a magnet fed by an alternating current of frequency between HOW MANY? The electrons are made to circulate in a toroidal (doughnut shaped) vacuum chamber that is placed into the gap between two magnet pole

50 and 200 Hz.

The machine consists of a magnet fed by an alternating current of frequency between 50 and 200 Hz. The electrons are made to circulate in aWHAT? that is placed into the gap between two magnet pole

toroidal (doughnut shaped) vacuum chamber

Conceptually, this may be considered an analogue of a transformer: the primary current is the alternating current exciting the magnet and the secondary current is the electron current circulating in the vacuum chamber (doughnut).

betatrons

Conceptually, the betatron may be considered WHAT? the primary current is the alternating current exciting the magnet and the secondary current is the electron current circulating in the vacuum chamber (doughnut).

analog of a transformer

The electrons are accelerated by the electric field induced in the doughnut shape by the changing magnetic flux in the magnet; they are kept in a circular orbit by the magnetic field present

betatrons

The electrons are accelerated by the electric field induced in the doughnut shape by the changing WHAT? In the magnet; they are kept in a circular orbit by the magnetic field present

magnetic flux

It was developed in 1930 by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

Cyclotron

It was developed in WHAT YEAR? by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

1930

It was developed in 1930 by WHO? for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

Ernest Rutherford

It was developed in 1930 by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of WHAT energy of few MeV.

kinetic

It was used for basic nuclear medicine research.

cyclotron

In cyclotron, the particles are accelerated along a WHAT? guided inside two evacuated half cylindrical electrodes (referred to as DEES)

spiral trajectory

In cyclotron, the particles are accelerated along a spiral trajectory guided inside two WHAT? referred to as DEES)

evacuated half cylindrical electrodes

An electron accelerator which combines the principles of both linear accelerator and the cyclotron.

microtron

An electron accelerator which combines the principles of both WHAT?

linac, cyclotron

the electrons are accelerated by oscillating electric field of single microwave cavity.

microtron

Selectable energy rsnges up to how many in microtron

6-9 mev gammas

Developed in Canada in 1950.

cobalt 60

Developed in Canada in WHAT YEAR

1950

Developed in WHERE? in 1950.

canada

Have the same characteristics with LINAC having stand, gantry, console, and couch but the difference between them is that the source of Cobalt-60 units comes from radioactive material and SSD of 80 cm.

cobalt 60

80 cm

The important features of 60Co teletherapy machines can be summarized as follows:

Relatively high energy g ray emission; Relatively long half-life; Relatively high specific activity; Relatively simple means of production.

Machine Considerations

Field size range maximum wedge field Rotational capabilities Clearance of the collimator around the couch and the patient Accessories and the ease with which they can be inserted. Outer dimensions of the collimator

Couch Considerations

Maximum vertical motion Maximum lateral motion Couch rotation capabilities Stability of the couch Weight tolerance Accuracy of motions and read out of angles

Dosimetric Considerations

Dose rates Depth maximum dose Energy Penumbra Beam flatness Surface dose

Others consideration

Cost Reliability Service Maintenance

It is a machine that is capable of duplicating the geometry and mechanical movements of radiation therapy machine.

simulator

It is a machine that is capable of duplicating the WHAT? of radiation therapy machine.

geometry and mechanical movements

It is used to localize the target volume and normal tissue with respect to skin marks.

simulator

These are important components of equipment used in radiotherapy. They cover several crucial steps in the radiotherapeutic process that are not related to the actual dose delivery but are nonetheless very important, as they deal with the determination of target location, treatment planning and spatial accuracy in dose delivery

simulator and ct simulator

are important components of equipment used in radiotherapy. They cover WHAT? that are not related to the actual dose delivery but are nonetheless very important, as they deal with the determination of target location, treatment planning and spatial accuracy in dose delivery

several crucial steps in radio therapeutic process

Simulator and ct simulator are important components of equipment used in radiotherapy. They cover several crucial steps in the radiotherapeutic process that are not related to the actual dose delivery but are nonetheless very important, as they deal with the WHAT?

determination of target location, treatment planning and spatial accuracy in dose delivery

Both of these incorporate three major systems: the mechanical, X ray tube and imaging equipment

simulator and ct simulator

Both simulators and CT simulators incorporate three major systems:

the mechanical, X ray tube and imaging equipment

The major steps in the target localization and field design are:

Acquisition of the patient data set; Localization of target and adjacent structures; Definition and marking of the patient coordinate system; Design of treatment fields; Transfer of data to the treatment planning system (TPS); Production of an image for treatment verification.

consists of a diagnostic X ray tube mounted on a rotating gantry, simulating geometries identical to those found on megavoltage therapy machines that are either isocentric teletherapy 60Co units or isocentric linacs.

Radiotherapy simulator

enjoys the same degrees of freedom as a megavoltage machine, but rather than providing a megavoltage beam for treatment it provides a diagnostic quality X ray beam suitable for imaging, either in the radiographic mode (image recorded on radiographic film) or in the fluoroscopic mode (image recorded on a TV monitor using an image intensifier)

Radiotherapy simulator

enjoys the same degrees of freedom as WAHAT machine, but rather than providing a megavoltage beam for treatment it provides a diagnostic quality X ray beam suitable for imaging, either in the radiographic mode (image recorded on radiographic film) or in the fluoroscopic mode (image recorded on a TV monitor using an image intensifier)

megavoltage

radiographic mode (image recorded on radiographic film) or in the fluoroscopic mode (image recorded on a TV monitor using an image intensifier)

should mimic all the mechanical features and geometric field arrangements of various megavoltage machines, ranging from 60Co machines with an SAD of 80 cm to high energy linacs with an SAD of 100 cm

modern simulator

In this radiation fields are defined with collimators (upper and lower jaws), while in simulators the rectangular and square fields are defined with delineator wires to enable visualization of the target as well as of healthy tissues adjacent to the target.

megavoltage machine

modern simulator covers the following processes:

● Tumour and adjacent normal tissue localization; ● Treatment simulation; ● Treatment plan verification; ● Monitoring of treatment

are CT scanners equipped with special features that make them useful for certain stages in the radiotherapeutic proces

ct simulator

Ct simulator Special features:

flat table top surface laser marking system virtual simulator consisting of software packages digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs)

Dose determination for external Beam The dose delivered depends on:

Depth Energy Type of tissue SSD or Source-to-Skin Distance (non-isocentric) Field Size (collimator dependent) The collimation design

Is the measured at a specific point in a medium and refers to the energy deposited at that point.

dose

Done by Dosimetrist

dose

Concepts used in photon beam dose calculations

dose depth separation ssd sad fs scatter dmax output output factor

The distance beneath the skin surface where the prescribed dose is to be delivered.

depth

Measurement of the patient’s thickness from the point of beam entry to the point of beam exit.

separation

Distance from the source or the target machine to the surface of the patient or the phantom.

ssd

Non isocenteric

ssd

Is the distance from the source to the isocenter of the treatment machine.

sad

Isocenteric

sad

Intersection of the axis of rotation of the gantry and the axis of the rotation of the collimator.

isocenter

Refers to the physical dimensions set on the collimators of the therapy unit that determine the size of the treatment field at a reference distance.

field size

Refers to the amount of radiation that travels in different directions.

scatter

Depth at which electronic equilibrium occurs for photon beams.

dmax

Referred to as the dose rate of the machine

output

Ratio of the dose rate of a given field size to the dose rate of the reference field size.

output factor

Tissue Absorption Factors

pdd tar bsf/psf sar tpr

Dose rate modification factor

tray transmission factor wedge and compensator filter transmission factor

projection

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projection

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ct midterm

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ct midterm

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ct midterm part 2

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ct midterm part 2

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ct midterm 3

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ct midterm 3

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part 1

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part 1

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CT I

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CT I

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CT II

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Mammography Finals

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FINAL II RADTHERA

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radthera

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Angiocardiography

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fluoroscopy

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fluoroscopy 2

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fluoroscopy 2

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問題一覧

Numerous technologies are allowing radiation oncologists and radiation therapists to increase radiation doses to various tumor sites. These include:

Conformal radiation therapy Dynamic wedging Independent jaws Electron portal imaging Image- Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)

Numerous technologies are allowing radiation oncologists and radiation therapists to increase radiation doses to various tumor sites.

state of art technologies

The field shape and beam angle change as the gantry moves around the patient, requires sophisticated computer controlled equipment.

3d conformal radthera

This is used for computerized shaping of the treatment field.

dynamic wedge

It has the ability, under computer control, to modify and shape the desired isodose distribution using the large field-defining collimation or jaw.

dynamic wedge

These are designed in such a way that wedge-dose distributions using varying field sizes yield excellent wedge-isodose distributions compared with physical wedges.

dynamic wedge

Dynamic wedges

physical, flying, dynamic

Exist to shield an area by using approximately HOW MANY leaves. These heavy, metal collimator rods slide into place to form the desired field shape by projecting 0.5-cm to 2-cm beam widths per rod.

52-160

Exist to shield an area by using approximately 52 to 160 leaves. These heavy, metal collimator rods slide into place to form the desired field shape by projecting HOW MUCH? beam widths per rod.

0.5-2cm

Another method of improving treatment-field accuracy and verification.

edip

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

epid

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for WHAT? or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in cassette holder for WHAT? field positions.

PA, lateral, and oblique

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the WHAT? for AP films or placed in cassette holder for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

treatment couch

With other portal systems, cassettes are positioned in the slot under the treatment couch for AP films or placed in WHAT? for PA, lateral, and oblique field positions.

casette holder

With this, correct positioning of internal anatomic structures can be observed during the entire treatment process or checked by pretreatment imaging with the aid of computer system.

epid

With portal imaging technology, correct positioning of internal anatomic structures can be observed during the entire treatment process or checked by pretreatment imaging with the aid of WHAT?

computer system

The machine that was first particle accelerator that can accelerate electrons up to 2 MV

Van de graaf generator

The machine that was first particle accelerator that can accelerate electrons up to HOW MANY?

2mv

Developed by R.J Vaan de Graaf in 1931.

van de graaf generator

Developed by R.J Vaan de Graaf in WHAT YEAR?

1931

Developed by WHO? in 1931.

rj van de graaf

Developed by Kerst in 1941

betatrons

Betatron Developed by Kerst in WHAT YEAR?

1941

Developed by WHO in 1941

kerst

Machine in which electrons are accelerated in circular orbit via changing the magnetic fields.

betatrons

The accelerating tube is shaped like a doughnut by an injector at an instant that the alternating current cycle begins.

betatrons

Machine in which electrons are accelerated in WHAT orbit via changing the magnetic fields.

circular orbit

Betatrons Machine in which electrons are accelerated in circular orbit via what?

changing the magnetic fields.

The electrons can be extracted from tis orbit to produce an electron beam

betatrons

Replaced by LINAC

betatrons

50 and 200 Hz.

The machine consists of a magnet fed by an alternating current of frequency between 50 and 200 Hz. The electrons are made to circulate in aWHAT? that is placed into the gap between two magnet pole

toroidal (doughnut shaped) vacuum chamber

betatrons

analog of a transformer

The electrons are accelerated by the electric field induced in the doughnut shape by the changing magnetic flux in the magnet; they are kept in a circular orbit by the magnetic field present

betatrons

The electrons are accelerated by the electric field induced in the doughnut shape by the changing WHAT? In the magnet; they are kept in a circular orbit by the magnetic field present

magnetic flux

It was developed in 1930 by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

Cyclotron

It was developed in WHAT YEAR? by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

1930

It was developed in 1930 by WHO? for accelerating ions of kinetic energy of few MeV.

Ernest Rutherford

It was developed in 1930 by Ernest Rutherford for accelerating ions of WHAT energy of few MeV.

kinetic

It was used for basic nuclear medicine research.

cyclotron

In cyclotron, the particles are accelerated along a WHAT? guided inside two evacuated half cylindrical electrodes (referred to as DEES)

spiral trajectory

In cyclotron, the particles are accelerated along a spiral trajectory guided inside two WHAT? referred to as DEES)

evacuated half cylindrical electrodes

An electron accelerator which combines the principles of both linear accelerator and the cyclotron.

microtron

An electron accelerator which combines the principles of both WHAT?

linac, cyclotron

the electrons are accelerated by oscillating electric field of single microwave cavity.

microtron

Selectable energy rsnges up to how many in microtron

6-9 mev gammas

Developed in Canada in 1950.

cobalt 60

Developed in Canada in WHAT YEAR

1950

Developed in WHERE? in 1950.

canada

cobalt 60

80 cm

The important features of 60Co teletherapy machines can be summarized as follows:

Relatively high energy g ray emission; Relatively long half-life; Relatively high specific activity; Relatively simple means of production.

Machine Considerations

Couch Considerations

Maximum vertical motion Maximum lateral motion Couch rotation capabilities Stability of the couch Weight tolerance Accuracy of motions and read out of angles

Dosimetric Considerations

Dose rates Depth maximum dose Energy Penumbra Beam flatness Surface dose

Others consideration

Cost Reliability Service Maintenance

It is a machine that is capable of duplicating the geometry and mechanical movements of radiation therapy machine.

simulator

It is a machine that is capable of duplicating the WHAT? of radiation therapy machine.

geometry and mechanical movements

It is used to localize the target volume and normal tissue with respect to skin marks.

simulator

simulator and ct simulator

several crucial steps in radio therapeutic process

determination of target location, treatment planning and spatial accuracy in dose delivery

Both of these incorporate three major systems: the mechanical, X ray tube and imaging equipment

simulator and ct simulator

Both simulators and CT simulators incorporate three major systems:

the mechanical, X ray tube and imaging equipment

The major steps in the target localization and field design are:

Radiotherapy simulator

megavoltage

radiographic mode (image recorded on radiographic film) or in the fluoroscopic mode (image recorded on a TV monitor using an image intensifier)

should mimic all the mechanical features and geometric field arrangements of various megavoltage machines, ranging from 60Co machines with an SAD of 80 cm to high energy linacs with an SAD of 100 cm

modern simulator

megavoltage machine

modern simulator covers the following processes:

● Tumour and adjacent normal tissue localization; ● Treatment simulation; ● Treatment plan verification; ● Monitoring of treatment

are CT scanners equipped with special features that make them useful for certain stages in the radiotherapeutic proces

ct simulator

Ct simulator Special features:

flat table top surface laser marking system virtual simulator consisting of software packages digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs)

Dose determination for external Beam The dose delivered depends on:

Depth Energy Type of tissue SSD or Source-to-Skin Distance (non-isocentric) Field Size (collimator dependent) The collimation design

Is the measured at a specific point in a medium and refers to the energy deposited at that point.

dose

Done by Dosimetrist

dose

Concepts used in photon beam dose calculations

dose depth separation ssd sad fs scatter dmax output output factor

The distance beneath the skin surface where the prescribed dose is to be delivered.

depth

Measurement of the patient’s thickness from the point of beam entry to the point of beam exit.

separation

Distance from the source or the target machine to the surface of the patient or the phantom.

ssd

Non isocenteric

ssd

Is the distance from the source to the isocenter of the treatment machine.

sad

Isocenteric

sad

Intersection of the axis of rotation of the gantry and the axis of the rotation of the collimator.

isocenter

Refers to the physical dimensions set on the collimators of the therapy unit that determine the size of the treatment field at a reference distance.

field size

Refers to the amount of radiation that travels in different directions.

scatter

Depth at which electronic equilibrium occurs for photon beams.

dmax

Referred to as the dose rate of the machine

output

Ratio of the dose rate of a given field size to the dose rate of the reference field size.

output factor

Tissue Absorption Factors

pdd tar bsf/psf sar tpr

Dose rate modification factor

tray transmission factor wedge and compensator filter transmission factor