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54問 • 1年前

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"______ IS THE STUDY OF GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING EXISTENCE, VALUES, KNOWLEDGE, MIND, AND LANGUAGE."

Philosophy

IT WAS ALSO DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORDS "PHILOS," WHICH MEANS LOVE, AND "SOPHIA," WHICH MEANS WISDOM. THUS, PHILOSOPHY MEANS A "LOVE OF WISDOM."

Philosophy

ACCORDING TO THE OXFORD DICTIONARY, PHI-LOS•O-PHY (FO'LASOFE) "IS THE STUDYING OF THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE SURROUNDING KNOWLEDGE, REALITY, AND EXISTENCE, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF IT BEING AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE."

Philosophy

IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SELF THAT DETERMINES ITS IDENTITY.

Philosophy

Hailed as the preeminent philosopher in Western civilization, he stands among the thinkers who wielded the most profound influence on European thought. Socrates advocated for a method of problem-solving that involves uncovering our true nature. According to him, an individual, defined by the capacity to will and think, acquires virtue through knowledge, while ignorance is deemed a vice. Central to his philosophy is the idea that discovering the truth, particularly the truth about leading a virtuous life, empowers individuals to act rightly. Socrates asserted that acknowledging one's ignorance marks the initial step toward wisdom. He posited that moral virtue is integral to an ideal life, emphasizing that "happiness" remains elusive without moral excellence. The commission of wrongdoing, he argued, stems from a lack of understanding rather than malevolence. Self-awareness, Socrates contended, transcends quantifiable facts; it is an essential imperative, a prerequisite to recognizing one's limits, determining what one can and cannot do.

Socrates (Know thyself)

KNOWLEDGE IS THE PERSONIFICATION OF GOOD, WHILE IGNORANCE IS THAT OF EVIL." SELF-KNOWLEDGE IS THE ULTIMATE VIRTUE.

Socrated “Know thyself”

He is one of the world's most well-known and widely read and studied philosophers. He was a student of Socrates and subsequent teacher of Aristotle, and he lived haltway through the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece.

Plato (The ideal self, the perfect self)

"THE EXAMINATION OF THE SELF AS A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE." THE EXPERIENCE IS CALLED ____, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF THREE ELEMENTS.

Psyche

IS EXCITED WHEN GIVEN CHALLENGES, FIGHTS BACK WHEN AGITATED, OR FIGHTS FOR JUSTICE WHEN UNJUST PRACTICES ARE EVIDENT; THE HOT-BLOODED PART OF THE PSYCHE.

Spirited

SUPERIOR OF ALL ELEMENTS. THE "NOUS"-CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF THE SELF THAT CONTROLS AF

Mind

MORAL VIRTUE IS ROOTED IN THE INTELLECT AND LEADS TO HAPPINESS. WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE LEAD TO VIRTUE, WHICH IN TURN WILL LEAD TO HAPPINESS.

Plato “The ideal self, the perfecf self”

He was baptized into the Catholic Church in answer to his mother's prayers he dedicated his Christian life to pursuit of contemplative ideals and practiced extreme. He became a priest then bishop of hippo and awarded the title, doctor of the church, being a defender of the church. He is known as “the great formulator of the christian doctrine”

St. Augustine (Love and justice as the foundation of the individual self)

LATE HAVE I FOUND YOU. "MY HEART IS RESTLESS UNTIL IT FINDS REST IN YOU"

St. Augustine “Love and justice as the foundation of individual self”

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF IS ACHIEVED THROUGH SELF-PRESENTATION AND SELF-REALIZATION. MAN IS THE PERFECT UNITY OF THE BODY AND SOUL, THAT THE MATERIAL BODY THAT BELONGS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD AND A SOUL THAT CAN KNOW GOD. A VIRTUOUS LIFE IS THE DYNAMISM OF LOVE THAT IS A CONSTANT FOLLOWING OF AND TURNING TOWARD LOVE (GOD), WHILE A WICKED LIFE IS A CONTINUAL TURNING AWAY FROM LOVE. THE GOLDEN RULE APPLIES TO THIS SITUATION. MEN'S END GOAL IS HAPPINESS. ONLY GOD CAN MAN ATTAIN TRUE AND ETERNAL HAPPINESS CHRISTIANITY IS THE FULL TRUE PHILOSOPHY. IT IS THE COMPLETE "REVELATION OF THE TRUE GOD." “HUMAN BEINGS ALONE, WITHOUT GOD, ARE BOUND TO FAIL."

St. Augustine “Love and justice as the foundation of the individual self”

All knowledge leads to gods: thus, faith enlightens reason ONLY THE PURE IN HEART CAN SEE GOD. "LOVE OF GOD, FAITH IN HIM, AND UNDERSTANDING HIS GOSPEL WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD TO HAPPINESS."

St. Augustine “Love and justice as the foundation of the individual self”

A mathematician to whom the coordinate system of the Cartesian plane is attributed. Also known for his contribution to analytic geometry and algebra. Also known as the Father of Modern Philosophy.

Rene descartes (Cogito, ergo sum)

The self is a thinking entity that is distinct from the body. Man must use his mind and thinking abilities to investigate, analyze, experiment, and develop himself. We cannot rely on our senses because the perceptions of our senses can often deceive us. Only after the certainty of the "doubting I" can all the other existences (e.g., God and things) become certain. Everything, such as our existence, our religion, world, and special someone, must be subjected to doubt. Nothing is certain in this world as long as it passes our senses.

Rene descartes “Cogito, ergo sum”

"THE MIND AND SOUL ARE ABLE TO EXIST WITHOUT THE BODY." "ESTABLISHING THE DISTINCTION OF THE SOUL FROM THE BODY CAN MAKE PEOPLE BELIEVE IN THE AFTERLIFE AS WELL AS THE SOUL'S IMMORTALITY."

Rene descartes “Cogito, ergo sum”

desires, pleasures, physical satisfaction, and comfort

Apetitive

Self is comparable to space where everyday experiences contribute to the pile of knowledge in the space. Therefore, experience is an essential requirement to have sensitive data, which evetually become sense perception through a process of reflection and analysis. He believed that our theories must be built on experience. Our concept of personal identity must be derived from inner experience. It is the experience that creates personal identity.

John locke (Theory of personal identity)

All knowledge is derived from the senses. The impressions that we create are more superior to our ideas because ideas come after impressions. All we know about ourselves are only bundles or collections of different temporary impressions or perceptions. This idea supports the difficulty of answering the question, ‘Who am I' because what we can readily answer are impressions, such as names, skills, affiliations, and achievements. All these impressions are temporary and nonpersistent. There is no self. Meaning, man has no clear and tangible idea of the self, and no single impression of the self exists.

David hume (The self is the bundle theory of mind)

ALL KNOWLEDGE PASSES THROUGH THE SENSES. NO SINGLE IMPRESSION OF THE SELF EXISTS.

David hume “The self is bundle theory of mind”

He is a central figure when it comes to modern philosophy. He was responsible for synthesizing early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for a large portion of 19th- and 20th-century philosophy, and continued to exercise significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, polotical philosohy, aesthetics and other field

Emmanuel kant (Respect for self)

Man is the only creature who governs and directs himself; his actions are an end for himself and his purpose. He freely orders the means for attaining his aims. Every man is thus an end in himself and should be treated as a means, that is, a straightforward dictum reason and justice: respect others as you respect yourself. A person should not be used as a tool, instrument, or device to accomplish another's ends or aims. Treat everyone equally. Our rationality unifies and makes sense of the perceptions we have in our experiences and make sensible ideas about ourselves and the world.

Emmanuel kant “Respect for self”

REASONS ARE THE FINAL AUTHORITY OF MORALITY. THE INNER SELF INCLUDES RATIONAL REASONING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE, WHILE THE OUTER SELF CONSISTS OF THE BODY AND PHYSICAL MIND, WHERE REPRESENTATION OCCURS.

Emmanuel kant “Respect for self”

A British philosopher proposed his positive view in his "Concept of the mind," which is a stern critique of Descartes's dualism of the mind and body. The mind is never separate from the body. Dualism is a category of mistake. The mind will depend on how words are being told, expressed, and delivered. Physical actions or behavior are the dispositions of the self that are derived from our innate private experiences. Understand the self-based on the external manifestations, such as behavior and desires. Hence, the mind is nothing but a disposition of the self.

Gilbert ryle (I act, therefore i am or you are what you do)

is a French philosopher who is associated with existentialism. Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry and discourse that delves into the nature of existence by emphasizing the human subject's experience, not only the thinking subject but the acting, feeling, and living individual.

Maurice merleau-ponty (Phenomenology of perceptions)

He rejected classical empiricism because it eliminates the indeterminate complexities of experience that may affect perception. He rejected the idealist-intellectual position because it will only falsify perception based on one's biases and prejudices. Empiricism and intellectualism are flawed in nature. He believed that "the physical body is what makes up the subjective self. Self and perception are encompassed in the physical body. We are bodies. Our bodily experiences do not detach the subject/object, mind/body, and rational/irrational.

Maurice merleau-ponty “Phenomenology of perceptions”

Eliminative materialism claims that people's common sense understanding of the mind is false and that some classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist. It is a materialist position within the philosophy of mind. "These philosophical and psychological directions will eventually be abandoned only to be replaced by a more acceptable neuroscience trend that explains how the brain works." Folk psychology will be replaced by neurobiology. As the Christian Church wanted to predict, when people wanted to ask about what is going on with themselves, they would go for an M.R.I. or C.T. scan to understand the brain's present condition and how it currently works.

Paul and patricia churchland (The self as the brain)

A FULLY MATURED NEUROSCIENCE WILL ELIMINATE BELIEFS BECAUSE "THEY ARE NOT REAL." THE PHYSICAL BRAIN GIVES US A SENSE OF SELF.

Paul and patricia churchland “The self as the brain”

well-known NEUROLOGIST and PSYCHOLOGIST. - According to him, our self is composed of mind with THREE LEVELS: conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind.

Sigmund freud (Id, ego, super ego)

It refers to things such as feelings that we are aware of. EXAMPLE: Participating on school event.

Concious mind

It contains thoughts and feelings that we might not be aware to present. The middle of consciousness and unconscious mind. EXAMPLE: You're at school and your phone is just set aside that you couldn't even remember where it is unless someone reminds you of it.

Pre-concious mind

Is beyond our awareness like our dreams, urges, hopes, and mannerism. EXAMPLE: She dreamt that she was flying with cats and dogs.

Unconcious mind

Freud's view of the Human Mind

The metal iceberg

is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that is entirely unconscious. Also known as the pleasure principle.

referred as the REALITY OF PRINCIPLE; it is decision- making system of the personality. It balances the moral standards.

EGO

Is the moral principle that serves as the conscience of self. It is bounded by the morality and values of the society.

SUPER EGO

Some of his philosophies about mind had been identified as behaviorist. Behaviorism is a logical one by developing clearer conceptual and linguistic understanding of the real nature of self. "The Self is a Pattern of Behavior"

Gilbert ryle “The self is how you behave”

is not solely about self - conscious or a self that is aware of her cultural values, traditions, judgements or thoughts.

Embodied self

Is a scientific study and a social science discipline that deals with society, its organization, structure and development, interaction, relationships, collective behavior, and culture. It is a systematic study how society affects people and vice versa.Sociology came from Latin word "socius" means companion, and Greek word "logos" which means study of. If put together it means "reasoned speech in companionship"Is a scientific study and a social science discipline that deals with society, its organization, structure and development, interaction, relationships, collective behavior, and culture. It is a systematic study how society affects people and vice versa. Sociology came from Latin word "socius" means companion, and Greek word "logos" which means study of. If put together it means "reasoned speech in companionship"

Sociology

The concept of self for the past decades has evolved along with the fast-paced discoveries in the field of science and technologies. - The globalization greatly affects the knowledge and behaviors of the self through education, migration, cross-cultural processes. - The self is exposed to diverse social life and identities which may threaten the customary culture, beliefs, or values because of the free will of an individual. It evolves in terms of power and rationality, reflexive modernization, and social construction. - Symbolic interactionism believed that people can be described and understood through how he acts and interacts with his environment to postmodern perspective.

Self in the modern society

215 century, with the advance technologies, learning is just within our reach. Human beings' power means not only about technological progress but how these developments are used to influence and affect others. Foucault (1994) believed that the human beings' reasoning but also imposing discipline within ourselves because we are also the consequences of our power. - People could be a source of assessment, scientific findings, innovations, and knowledge which could be transferred to different agencies such as schools, hospitals, offices, prisons, church, communities, etc. The great influence of power in modern society is the evolution of gender and sexuality.

Power and nationality

Is the casual relationship of the human beings between and among others, and with the community. It affects the process of economic, education, civic and political rights, identity and health due to modernity that opposed the tradition.

Reflexive modernization

-Is the value we give to ourselves or things. - Social Construction Perspective applied to self is the idea of worth as you interact with the society. - Individual's reality could be influenced and understood through the norms. Like gender, sex, race, and class are samples that deconstruct social contractions which challenges our experts.

Social construction

-Is a society where modernity is well developed, evolution of self - identity is inevitable from physical appearance to interaction with others and the community around us. - Earlier Societies have traditional social orders that have defined roles which they would follow. While in Post-Traditional Societies, people need to out the roles for themselves. - From micro agent of the society which is the self-up to the macro agents which can be identified as corporations and globalization may be studied separately by sociologist. Both affect or influence one way or the other. EXAMPLE: Separation or divorce is significantly increasing. This change is brought about by the right of the women to acquire job (macro) which would also the caring of the women to the family in everyday lives (micro).

Modernity and the self

Giddens believed that human agencies such us as mass media, church, school, workplace among others, and social structure have symbiotic relationship. Due to the repetitive acts of the individual's agents that reproduces the structure means that there is a developed social structure - customs, traditions, laws, of the people in the society; however, these social structures could be altered when the individual starts to ignore them, substitute or restructure in a different way.

Theory of structuration

It is the unique ability of the self to become the subject at the same time object of self. It is not inherently or biologically acquired by products of social encounters and experiences. For Giddens, self-identity has continuity, it cannot ne easily completely changed at will but that continuity is the only a product of the person's reflexive beliefs about their own biography. - He believed that the self-identity is not found in one's behavior or other's reactions but to sustain the self's biography in connection with the world.

Reflexive and process of self-identity

is a subjective description of an individual's experience

Self identity

is characterized by self-awareness along with volitation as one fruitfully live daily.

Reflexivity

Is individual's life choices may be influenced by the people in the society. As Giddens stated, "the more post-traditional the settings in which an individual moves, the more lifestyle concerns the very core of self-identity. Its making and remaking". Lifestyle is dynamic depending on the place in the circumstance one is facing.

Modern self and lifestyle choice

Is characterized by the child's imitation of the people around him. EXAMPLE: Lee and his mother's bonding time were when they're cooking different sweets so he grew up loving cuisine and wanted to be a chef one day.

Preparatory stage

Is the crucial stage in socialization because it Is the time in which the child consciously and unconsciously mimics the roles of the people around him and becomes more aware of his social relationships. - The child learns through symbols, role playing and role taking. EXAMPLE: Kenji often watch Ben 10 and wanted to transform just like Ben the cartoon character. • All the behaviors, whether good or bad, these characters are being mimicked by the child. Thus, the child gradually learns how to search and learn as well as to interact with people around him.

Play stage

Occurs in late childhood and starts to take several tasks and recognize relationships simultaneously. The child learns to feel that he is in a team and needs to take into consideration the roles of others EXAMPLE: In winning the basketball game, he should take his role as well as be mindful that each member in the team needs to fulfil the position and roles given to them. According to Mead, as people mature, the self evolves and learns to be considerate and shows concern to people which is called the significant others.

Game stage

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ユーザ名非公開 · 25問 · 2年前

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