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ACCORDING TO THE OXFORD DICTIONARY, PHI-LOS•O-PHY (FO'LASOFE) "IS THE STUDYING OF THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE SURROUNDING KNOWLEDGE, REALITY, AND EXISTENCE, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF IT BEING AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE."

Philosophy

IT WAS ALSO DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORDS "PHILOS," WHICH MEANS LOVE, AND "SOPHIA," WHICH MEANS WISDOM. THUS, PHILOSOPHY MEANS A "LOVE OF WISDOM."

Philosophy

THE STUDY OF GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING EXISTENCE, VALUES, KNOWLEDGE, MIND, AND LANGUAGE." IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SELF THAT DETERMINES ITS IDENTITY.

Philosophy

Hailed as the preeminent philosopher in Western civilization, he stands among the thinkers who wielded the most profound influence on European thought. _____ advocated for a method of problem-solving that involves uncovering our true nature. According to him, an individual, defined by the capacity to will and think, acquires virtue through knowledge, while ignorance is deemed a vice. Central to his philosophy is the idea that discovering the truth, particularly the truth about leading a virtuous life, empowers individuals to act rightly. Socrates asserted that acknowledging one's ignorance marks the initial step toward wisdom. He posited that moral virtue is integral to an ideal life, emphasizing that "happiness" remains elusive without moral excellence. The commission of wrongdoing, he argued, stems from a lack of understanding rather than malevolence. Self-awareness, ______ contended, transcends quantifiable facts; it is an essential imperative, a prerequisite to recognizing one's limits, determining what one can and cannot do. the classical Greek philosopher, is often credited with laying the groundwork for the concept of the self in Western philosophy. He believed in the immortal soul and the idea that self-knowledge is the key to wisdom. For Socrates, the true self is not the body, but the soul, which he viewed as eternal and capable of attaining knowledge beyond the physical world. His method of dialectic questioning, known as the Socratic method, was designed to lead individuals to a deeper understanding of their true selves, emphasizing the importance of introspection and the pursuit of virtue.

Socrates

a student of Socrates, expanded on his mentor's ideas and introduced the concept of the self as a dualistic entity consisting of the physical body and the immortal soul. According to Plato, the soul is the true essence of a person, which exists before birth and after death. He argued that the soul is divided into three parts: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive, each corresponding to different aspects of human experience. The rational part is responsible for reasoning and wisdom, the spirited part for emotions and courage, and the appetitive part for desires and bodily needs. He is one of the world's most well-known and widely read and studied philosophers. He was a student of Socrates and subsequent teacher of Aristotle, and he lived haltway through the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece.

Plato

THE EXAMINATION OF THE SELF AS A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE. THE EXPERIENCE IS CALLED _____, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF THREE ELEMENTS.

Psyche

SATISFACTION, AND COMFORT. (Alligned with plato theory)

Appetitive

an early Christian theologian, integrated Platonic philosophy with Christian doctrine, emphasizing the internal struggle between the self’s spiritual and carnal desires. Augustine believed that the true self is found in the soul, which seeks unity with God. He viewed the body as a temporary vessel that can lead the soul astray through sinful desires. Augustine's confessions reflect his deep introspection and his belief in the importance of divine grace for the soul's salvation. His work laid the foundation for the Christian understanding of the self, which emphasizes the soul's relationship with God as central to personal identity. “Love and justice as the foundation of individual self”

St. Augustine

IS EXCITED WHEN GIVEN CHALLENGES, FIGHTS BACK WHEN AGITATED, OR FIGHTS FOR JUSTICE WHEN UNJUST PRACTICES ARE EVIDENT; THE HOT-BLOODED PART OF THE PSYCHE. (Alligned with plato’s theory)

Spiritual

SUPERIOR OF ALL ELEMENTS. THE “NOUS"-CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF THE SELF THAT CONTROLS AF

Mind

A mathematician to whom the coordinate system of the Cartesian plane is attributed. Also known for his contribution to analytic geometry and algebra. Also known as the Father of Modern Philosophy. often called the father of modern philosophy, introduced a new way of thinking about the self with his famous dictum, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). _____ viewed the self as a thinking, non-material substance distinct from the body. He argued that the mind, or the thinking self, is the foundation of all knowledge, as it is the only thing that can be known with absolute certainty. _____' dualism, which separates the mind from the body, has been highly influential in the development of Western philosophy, particularly in discussions about consciousness and the nature of personal identity.

Rene descartes

an English philosopher, offered a different perspective on the self by emphasizing the role of memory and consciousness in the continuity of personal identity. ____ argued that the self is not an immutable substance but a continuous identity that is based on the recollection of past experiences. For ___, personal identity is not rooted in the substance of the soul or body but in the continuity of consciousness. This view shifted the focus from metaphysical discussions of the soul to psychological considerations of memory and self-awareness, influencing later empirical and psychological approaches to the self. “Theory of personal identity”

John locke

All knowledge is derived from the senses. The impressions that we create are more superior to our ideas because ideas come after impressions. All we know about ourselves are only bundles or collections of different temporary impressions or perceptions. This idea supports the difficulty of answering the question, ‘Who am I' because what we can readily answer are impressions, such as names, skills, affiliations, and achievements. All these impressions are temporary and nonpersistent. There is no self. Meaning, man has no clear and intangible idea of the self, and no single impression of the self exist a Scottish philosopher, was skeptical about the existence of a permanent self. Hume argued that what we call the self is nothing more than a bundle of perceptions, constantly changing and lacking any true unity. According to Hume, there is no underlying self that remains the same over time; rather, our identity is constructed from the various sensory experiences and mental states that we encounter. Hume's radical empiricism challenges the notion of a stable, enduring self and raises questions about the nature of personal identity. “The self is the bundle of theoy of mind”

David hume

is a central figure when it comes to modern philosophy. He was responsible for synthesizing early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for a large portion of 19th- and 20th-century philosophy, and continued to exercise significant influence today in metaphysics. a German philosopher, offered a more complex view by distinguishing between the empirical self, which we experience in the world, and the transcendental self, which is the necessary condition for experience. Kant argued that the transcendental self, or the "I" that thinks and unifies experiences, is not something that can be directly known or observed. Instead, it is the organizing principle that makes perception and knowledge possible. This dual aspect of the self—empirical and transcendental—adds depth to the discussion of identity by linking it to the structure of human cognition and experience.

Emmanuel kant

A British philosopher proposed his positive view in his "Concept of the mind," which is a stern critique of Descartes's dualism of the mind and body. a 20th-century British philosopher, critiqued Cartesian dualism and proposed a behaviorist view of the self. ___ rejected the idea of the self as a distinct mental entity separate from the body, famously referring to the Cartesian concept of mind as "the ghost in the machine." Instead, he argued that the self is better understood as a collection of behaviors and dispositions, observable through our actions and interactions. ____ perspective shifts the focus from internal, subjective experiences to external, observable behaviors, contributing to the development of philosophical behaviorism

Gilbert ryle

the founder of psychoanalysis, introduced a model of the psyche that includes the id, ego, and superego, which interact to form the self. According to him, the id is the source of instinctual desires, operating on the pleasure principle, while the superego represents internalized societal norms and morals. The ego mediates between these two forces, functioning according to the reality principle to manage the demands of both the id and the superego. ____ model highlights the complexity of the self, suggesting that it is a dynamic structure shaped by unconscious drives and external influences.

Sigmund freud

a French phenomenologist, emphasized the role of the body in shaping self-identity. He argued that the self is not a detached mind or consciousness but is deeply rooted in our bodily experience of the world. According to Merleau-Ponty, our perception of the world and our place within it is fundamentally embodied, meaning that our sense of self is inextricably linked to our physical presence and our interactions with the environment. This perspective challenges the traditional mind-body dualism and offers a more integrated view of the self as an embodied being French philosopher who is associated with existentialism. Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry and discourse that delves into the nature of existence by emphasizing the human subject's experience, not only the thinking subject but the acting, feeling, and living individual. He rejected classical empiricism because it eliminates the indeterminate complexities of experience that may affect perception. He rejected the idealist-intellectual position because it will only falsify perception based on one's biases and prejudices. Empiricism and intellectualism are flawed in nature. He believed that "the physical body is what makes up the subjective self. Self and perception are encompassed in the physical body. We are bodies. Our bodily experiences do not detach the subject/object, mind/body, and rational/irrational."

Maurice merleau ponty

Eliminative materialism claims that people's common sense understanding of the mind is false and that some classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist. It is a materialist position within the philosophy of mind. a contemporary philosopher and neuroscientist, approaches the concept of the self from the standpoint of neuroscience. Churchland suggests that the self is not a non-physical entity but is instead rooted in the brain's neural processes. He argues that advances in neuroscience are gradually revealing the mechanisms underlying our sense of self, challenging the traditional philosophical notions of a non-material soul or mind. Churchland's view represents a shift towards a more scientifically grounded understanding of the self, emphasizing the role of brain function in shaping our identity and consciousness.

Paul churchland

scientific study and a social science discipline that examines society, its organization, structure, development, interactions, relationships, collective behavior, and culture. It explores how society influences individuals and how individuals, in turn, affect society. The term "sociology" is derived from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos (study), which together mean "reasoned speech in companionship."

Sociology

Is a scientific study and a social science discipline that deals with society, its organization, structure and development, interaction, relationships, collective behavior, and culture. It is a systematic study how society affects people and vice versa. Sociology came from Latin word "socius" means companion, and Greek word "logos" which means study of. If put together it means "reasoned speech in companionship"

Sociology

The concept of self for the past decades has evolved along with the fast-paced discoveries in the field of science and technologies

Self in the modern society

In the 21st century, technological advancements have made knowledge more accessible, enabling individuals to influence others. According to Foucault (1994), power is not just about control but also about self-discipline, as individuals are both the agents and subjects of power. This influence extends to various aspects of life, including education, healthcare, and governance. The evolution of gender and sexuality, for example, reflects the growing complexity of identity in modern society.

Power and rationality

Is the casual relationship of the human beings between and among others, and with the community. It affects the process of economic, education, civic and political rights, identity and health due to modernity that opposed the tradition

Reflexive modernization

involves the meanings and values that individuals ascribe to themselves and their surroundings. This concept questions the reality of experiences, emotions, and societal norms. For example, the value of money or the interpretation of texts are socially constructed and can vary across cultures. Social construction shapes self-identity by influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. - Is the value we give to ourselves or things.Social Construction Perspective applied to self is the idea of worth as you interact with the society. Individual's reality could be influenced and understood through the norms.

Social construction

Is a society where modernity is well developed, evolution of self - identity is inevitable from physical appearance to interaction with others and the community around us. Earlier Societies have traditional social orders that have defined roles which they would follow. While in Post-Traditional Societies, people need to out the roles for themselves. From micro agent of the society which is the self-up to the macro agents which can be identified as corporations and globalization may be studied separately by sociologist. Both affect or influence one way or the other. EXAMPLE: Separation or divorce is significantly increasing. This change is brought about by the right of the women to acquire job (macro) which would also the caring of the women to the family in everyday lives (micro) characterized by constant evolution in self-identity, influenced by both individual choices and broader societal changes. Unlike traditional societies, where roles were clearly defined, modern individuals must navigate complex social landscapes and create their own identities. This shift from micro (individual) to macro (societal) influences reflects the interconnectedness of personal and global dynamics.

Modernity and the self

theory of ____ posits that human actions and social structures are interdependent. Individuals' repetitive actions reinforce social norms and structures, but these can be altered when people choose to act differently. This theory highlights the dynamic relationship between individual agency and societal frameworks.

Gidden’s theory of structuration

It is the unique ability of the self to become the subject at the same time object of self. It is not inherently or biologically acquired by products of social encounters and experiences. For Giddens, self-identity has continuity, it cannot ne easily completely changed at will but that continuity is the only a product of the person's reflexive beliefs about their own biography. He believed that the self-identity is not found in one's behavior or other's reactions but to sustain the self's biography in connection with the world. involves individuals reflecting on their experiences and interactions to shape their sense of self. Giddens (1991) argues that self-identity is a continuous project, informed by personal history and social context. This process involves a balance between self-awareness and societal expectations, as individuals navigate their roles and relationships in society.

Reflexive process of self identity

described by Alfred Adler, encompass an individual's entire way of life, including behavior, values, and social interactions. These choices are influenced by societal norms and can evolve based on changes in environment or circumstances. Giddens (1991) emphasizes that lifestyle is central to self-identity in post-traditional societies, where individuals have greater freedom to shape their own paths. The ability to adapt to new environments and social dynamics is a key aspect of modern identity formation.

Modern self and lifestyle choice

is a subjective description of an individual's experience.

Self identity

is characterized by self-awareness along with volitation as one fruitfully live daily.

Reflexivity

is the scientific study of humans, focusing on their origins, development, and cultural practices. It is known as the "science of humanity" because it seeks to understand the broad aspects of human beings through a holistic approach. This discipline examines the evolutionary history of humans, their physical and biological development, and the cultural customs that make them unique from other species.

Anthropology

Key Concept: Culture is essential in understanding the self. It shapes a person's thoughts, actions, and feelings. Example: Consider a person from a rural village in the Philippines and another from a metropolitan city. Although both may share the same ethnicity, their cultural experiences will shape their thoughts and behaviors differently. The rural person may value community and tradition, while the urban person may prioritize individual achievement and innovation.

Franz boas: the role of culture in self-formation

Key Concept: The concept of self evolves over time and varies across cultures. Example: In ancient societies, the self might have been defined by one’s role in the community, such as a warrior or farmer. In contemporary society, the self is often defined by personal achievements and individual rights, reflecting the evolution of cultural values

Marcel mauss: the evolving self

Key Concept: Language influences how individuals perceive themselves and their environment. Example: In the Philippines, regional dialects such as Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano have different connotations for similar words. A word that is considered respectful in one dialect might have a less formal connotation in another, influencing how individuals express and perceive respect within their cultural context.

Edward sapir: language and self perception

Key Concept: Culture shapes gender roles more than biology. Example: In some Filipino communities, the husband may be the primary decision-maker, while in others, the wife holds this role. These roles are not biologically determined but are influenced by cultural norms and practices.

Margaret mead: culture and gender roles

Key Concept: Cultural symbols have deep meanings that guide behavior and give life meaning. Example: In many Filipino communities, the "bayanihan" spirit (community cooperation) is symbolized by the image of villagers carrying a house together. This symbol reflects the cultural value of helping others and working together.

Clifford geertz: symbolic anthropology

Key Concept: There are universal structures in human behavior and culture. Example: The practice of celebrating festivals is common across different Filipino cultures, such as the Ati-Atihan in Aklan and Sinulog in Cebu. While the festivals may have different origins and symbols, they share a universal structure of communal celebration and thanksgiving.

Claude lèvi strauss: structuralism in culture

The unique individual identity shaped by cultural and social influences.

Self

A cognitive component that includes thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, shaped by society.

Person

The status of being recognized as a fully functioning member of society, achieved through fulfilling cultural and social norms.

Personhood

Example: A young professional in Manila may prioritize personal career growth and self-expression, reflecting an egocentric view of the self.

Egocentric

Example: A member of a rural farming community may define themselves primarily through their role in the family or community, reflecting a sociocentric view.

Sociocentric

Example: A student from an affluent background may view themselves as independent and self-reliant, while a student from a less privileged background may see themselves as interdependent, relying on community support and cooperation.

Impact of social class on self perception

examining how various aspects of the self are formed, expressed, and understood in different contexts. This exploration will help you understand the diversity of self-representations and how these manifests in your own life.

Psychological perspective of the self

is rooted in the idea that our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. These motives often stem from our childhood experiences. Example: Imagine you have a fear of abandonment that you can’t quite explain. According to psychodynamic theory, this fear could be linked to early experiences where you felt neglected or insecure. Sigmund Freud, a pioneer of this theory, introduced concepts such as the id, ego, and superego, which represent different aspects of our personality. Freud believed that conflicts between these parts of our personality, often unconscious, influence our behavior and emotions.

Psychodynamic theory

According to ______ , the self can be divided into two parts: the "I" and the "Me." The "I" Self: This is the self that experiences and knows. It’s the thinker, the doer, and the one who says, “I am thinking” or “I am feeling.” It’s the subjective part of you that’s aware of your thoughts and actions. The "Me" Self: This is the self that is perceived. It’s how you view yourself, your personal experiences, and your attributes. For example, when you think, “I see myself as a good friend,” the “Me” is your self-concept, the image you have of yourself. Example: When you look in the mirror and think, "I see myself," the "I" is the part of you doing the seeing, while the "Me" is the image you perceive in the mirror. Who is the inventor or according to who?

William james

According to William James, the self can be divided into two parts: the "I" and the "Me." The "I" Self: This is the self that experiences and knows. It’s the thinker, the doer, and the one who says, “I am thinking” or “I am feeling.” It’s the subjective part of you that’s aware of your thoughts and actions. The "Me" Self: This is the self that is perceived. It’s how you view yourself, your personal experiences, and your attributes. For example, when you think, “I see myself as a good friend,” the “Me” is your self-concept, the image you have of yourself. Example: When you look in the mirror and think, "I see myself," the "I" is the part of you doing the seeing, while the "Me" is the image you perceive in the mirror.

The “I” and “me” self

consists of the physical things that represent who you are, such as your body, possessions, and other tangible items. Example: Think about how you feel when you wear your favorite outfit. It’s not just clothing; it’s an expression of your identity. The things you own and the way you present yourself physically contribute to your self-concept. The phrase “You are what you have” can be particularly relevant here. For instance, someone who drives an expensive car might see it as a reflection of their success and status, which becomes a part of their ___

Material self

how you interact with others and how you believe others perceive you. William James suggested that we have multiple social selves, each tailored to the different people we interact with. Example: Consider how you behave differently with your best friend compared to your professor. With your friend, you might be more relaxed and open, while with your professor, you might be more formal and reserved. These different behaviors are expressions of your various social selves. Your _____ is constantly adapting based on your environment and the people around you.

Social self

involves your inner thoughts, beliefs, and values. It’s the most intimate part of you, encompassing your purpose, morals, and sense of meaning in life. Example: Think about what you value most in life—perhaps honesty, kindness, or personal growth. These values guide your decisions and actions, forming the core of your spiritual self. Unlike the material or social self, the ___ is less about external influences and more about your inner world and how you define your purpose.

Spiritual self

Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychology, emphasized the importance of self-concept, which is your image of who you are. This concept is dynamic, evolving through interactions with others and self-reflection. Example: During adolescence, you might struggle with questions like, “Who am I really?” or “What do I want to become?” These reflections shape your self-concept, which is an essential part of your identity. Rogers also introduced the idea of the real self-versus the ideal self: Real Self: Who you actually are, including your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Ideal Self: Who you aspire to be, shaped by your goals and aspirations. The gap between your real self and ideal self can influence your self-esteem and overall well-being.

Self concept

Humans often face the challenge of integrating different aspects of the self into a coherent whole. The concept of a unified self refers to the consistency and stability of who we are, while the multiple self acknowledges that we often play different roles in different contexts. Example: You might see yourself as a student, a friend, a sibling, and a leader. Each role requires different behaviors and attitudes, yet you strive to unify these roles into a single identity that feels true to you. Navigating these different roles can be challenging, especially when they conflict with each other, but integrating them is crucial for a stable sense of self.

Multiple vs. unified self

The true self is your genuine, authentic self—your real feelings, desires, and thoughts. The false self, on the other hand, is a protective layer you create to fit into societal expectations or to protect yourself from harm. Example: Consider a time when you’ve had to pretend to be someone you’re not to fit in with a group. That’s an example of your false self in action. While it helps you navigate certain social situations, it can also distance you from your true self. The balance between your true and false self is important. While the false self can be useful in certain situations, staying true to yourself is essential for long-term happiness and self-fulfillment.

True vs. false self

is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that is entirely unconscious. Also known as the pleasure principle.

referred as the REALITY OF PRINCIPLE; it is decision- making system of the personality. It balances the moral standards.

EGO

Is the moral principle that serves as the conscience of self. It is bounded by the morality and values of the society.

SUPER EGO

It refers to things such as feelings that we are aware of. EXAMPLE: Participating on school event.

Concious mind

It contains thoughts and feelings that we might not be aware to present. The middle of consciousness and unconscious mind.

Preconcious mind

Is beyond our awareness like our dreams, urges, hopes, and mannerism. EXAMPLE: She dreamt that she was flying with cats and dogs.

Unconcious mind

Mead is an American Sociologist who founded the Social Psychology. He is also the proponent of the "I" and "ME" theory of social self. He believed that we are influenced by people who are in the parameter we set and in a certain life span. • The "I" known as the un-socialized self is our opinion as a whole; it is the individual's identity from which the self is egocentric. • The "ME" is the socialized self from whom we are aware of others expectation from our behavior and it develops through socialization as we consciously or unconsciously learn from others. EXAMPLE: You were in the school and got tripped off in front of the class that resulted to wound in the knee.

George herbert mead

Is characterized by the child's imitation of the people around him. EXAMPLE: Lee and his mother's bonding time were when they're cooking different sweets so he grew up loving cuisine and wanted to be a chef one day.

Preparatory stage

Is the crucial stage in socialization because it Is the time in which the child consciously and unconsciously mimics the roles of the people around him and becomes more aware of his social relationships. - The child learns through symbols, role playing and role taking. EXAMPLE: Kenji often watch Ben 10 and wanted to transform just like Ben the cartoon character. • All the behaviors, whether good or bad, these characters are being mimicked by the child. Thus, the child gradually learns how to search and learn as well as to interact with people around him.

Play stage

Occurs in late childhood and starts to take several tasks and recognize relationships simultaneously. The child learns to feel that he is in a team and needs to take into consideration the roles of others EXAMPLE: In winning the basketball game, he should take his role as well as be mindful that each member in the team needs to fulfil the position and roles given to them. According to Mead, as people mature, the self evolves and learns to be considerate and shows concern to people which is called the significant others.

Game stage

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