A.D. 398 the Council of ______excommunicated those who attended the theater on holy days. The great spectacles and organized shows of imperial Rome were at an end. The Roman emphasis on leisure was replaced by a Christian emphasis on work.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

period ranging from May 1986 to June 1987, archaeologists at the early Neolithic site of ____ in _____ province, China, uncovered 25 flutes between 7,000 and 9,000 years old. Most of the flutes were found at grave sites.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Both animals and humans were maimed and butchered in cruel and horrible ways. Spectacles were often lewd and obscene, leading to mas_____,_______ and _______ that profoundly weakened the Roman state.

Latin words for “leisure” and “business”

(A.D. 14–37), competitive sport in the Roman Empire had become completely commercialized.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

Pastimes in the Middle Ages Despite disapproval from the church, many forms of play continued during the Middle Ages: Medieval society was marked by rigid class stratification;

In the year A.D. 80, the Colosseum opened with what must stand as quite the longest and most disgusting mass binge in history. . . . Various sorts of large-scale slaughter, both of animals and men, were appreciatively watched by the

______ however, recognized that the prohibition of harmless amusements such as dancing, archery, and the decorating of maypoles caused public anger. In 1618 he issued a Declaration on Lawful Sports, in which he asked, “When shall the common people have leave to exercise, if not upon the Sundayes and holy daies, seeing they must apply their labour and win their living in all working daies?” _____stressed the military value of sport and the danger of an increase in drinking and other vices as substitute activities if sport were denied to people.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

Roman life were forbidden during the Dark and Middle Ages. The stadiums, amphitheaters, and baths that had characterized Roman life were destroyed. The Council of _____ ruled that the rite of baptism could not be extended to those connected with the stage,

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

The term renaissance means

The people of the Middle Ages had an insatiable love of _____ and would travel great distances to see entertainments.

Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

Use of Private Estates During this period, such famed gardens as the _____ and the _______, as well as the estate of Versailles, were established by the French royalty; similar gardens and private estates were found all over Europe. Following the early Italian example, it became the custom to open these private parks and gardens to the public— at first occasionally and then as a regular practice.

Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

The new Protestant sects tended to be more solemn and austere than the Catholic Church. ____ established an autocratic system of government in Geneva in 1541 that was directed by a group of Presbyters,

THE RENAISSANCE Historians generally view the first half of the Middle Ages in Europe (roughly from A.D. 400 to 1000) as the Dark Ages, and the next 400 to 500 years as

rome social levels

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Games of the Common People Meanwhile, what of the life of the peasantry during the Middle Ages? Edward Hulme suggests that life was not all work for the lower classes.

_____ advanced a number of revolutionary theories on education, emphasizing the need for physical exercises and games as well as singing, dancing, modeling and painting, nature study, and manual training. His account of the education of Gargantuan describes play as an exercise for mind and body. Locke, an Englishman who lived from 1632 to 1704,

Idleness is the great enemy of the soul. Therefore, monks should always be occupied either in manual labor or in sacred readings.”

Thus, the term chivalry (from the French _____ meaning _______ came into being. By the dawn of the twelfth century, the code of chivalry was developed, having originated in the profession of arms among feudal courtiers.

Historians generally view the first half of the Middle Ages in Europe (roughly from A.D. 400 to 1000) as the Dark Ages, and the next 400 to 500 years as _______, or High Middle Age.

Diversions in England Great outdoor gardens were established in England to provide entertainment and relaxation. Vauxhall, a pleasure resort founded during the reign of _________, was a densely wooded area with walks and bowers, lighting displays, water mills, fireworks, artificial caves and grottoes, entertainment, eating places, and tea gardens. The park was supported by the growing class of merchants and tradesmen, and its admission charge and distance from London helped to “exclude the rabble".

The games played in castles and medieval manors included early forms of _____,_____,____,______. Gambling was popular, although forbidden by both ecclesiastical and royal authority.

Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the Italian ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

American’s Use of Time” Response to this intensifying of the psychological experience as the “deepening of time”

(A.D. 14–37), competitive sport in the Roman Empire had become completely commercialized.

Middle Ages is found in the famous painting of children’s games by the Flemish artist