Ancient Civilizations

32問 • 1年前

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In the year A.D. 80, the Colosseum opened with what must stand as quite the longest and most disgusting mass binge in history. . . . Various sorts of large-scale slaughter, both of animals and men, were appreciatively watched by the

Emperor Titus ruled Vespasian

Titus was quite happy footing the enormous bill just as he and his father, the imperial ______, had already footed the bill for building this vast arena. Such payments were the privilege of power.1

Vespasian

One would expect a chronological study to begin by examining the play of prehistoric peoples during the ______ and ______ epochs. However, relatively little is known about the nature of leisure and play in these early periods.

Paleolithic Neolithic

The game of ______, widely practiced in Central America centuries ago, is an example of such a contest. ______ courts were about 200 feet long and 30 feet wide and were situated near temples.

tachtli

The rubber ball used in the ancient game symbolized the ____, and by making it carom across the court, players hoped to perpetuate the daily arc of the heavenly sphere. . . . _______was no schoolyard shoot-around: Win or lose, the athletes played forkeeps. . . .[I]npre-Columbiangames,membersofthelosingteamwerecommonly offered up for ritual sacrifice, their hearts cut out with blades of razor sharp obsidian. That’s one way to shorten the post-game interviews.3

sun Mesoamerican ball

Among such southwestern Native American tribes as the ____,____ , or _____, shamans or medicine men practiced healing rites that made use of chanting, storytelling, dancing, sacred kachina dolls, and elaborate, multicolored sand paintings.

Navajo, Zuni, Hopi

a period ranging from May 1986 to June 1987, archaeologists at the early Neolithic site of _____ in _____ province, China, uncovered 25 flutes between 7,000 and 9,000 years old. Most of the flutes were found at grave sites.

Jiahu, Henan

The flutes, which were made of bone, contain _____ that correspond to a scale similar to the Western ______. This tone scale indicates that musicians living in 7000 B.C. could compose and play music.

7 holes Western 8 note scale

Recreation and Leisure in ancient civilizations Thus, in the ________of the first civilizations that developed in the _______ during the five millennia before the Christian era, we find for the first time in history a leisure class.

Aristocrasy Middle East

Ancient Egypt This civilization, which lasted from about 5000 B.C. well into the Roman era, was richly recorded in _______,_____,______.

paintings, statuary and hieroglyphic records

Ancient Eygypt . Groups of ________ were attached to tenples, and the royal houses had troupes of entertainers who performed on _____________.

5 Ancient Civilizations

(1) Ancient Eygypt (2) Ancient Assyria and Babylonia (3) Ancient Israel (4) Ancient Greece (5) Ancient Rome

The land known as the ________ between two great rivers, the _____ and the ________, was ruled by two powerful empires, _____ in the north and _____ in the south.

fertile crescent Tigris and Euphrates Assyria Babylon

These kingdoms were in power for approximately 26 centuries, from about 2900 B.C. until the invasion by the ___________.

Alexander the Great in 330 B.C.

the nobles of Assyria went ______ in _____,______, and ____. The chase was a daily occupation, recorded for history in numerous reliefs, sculptures, and inscriptions.

lion hunting chariots, foot and spears

As early as the ninth century B.C., parks were established as sites for ________. They also provided settings for feasts, assemblies, and royal gatherings. On the estates of other monarchs during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. were ______,_____ and the ________

royal party huntings vineyards, fishponds and the famed hanging gardens of Babylon

Although there are no wall reliefs or paintings to tell of dance as performed by the ancient Hebrews, there are abundant references to this practice in the ______. Dance was highly respected and was particularly used on occasions of celebration and triumph

Old Testament

Like other ancient societies, the ancient Hebrews also engaged in hunting, fishing, wrestling, and the use of such weapons as the _____ and ______ for both recreational and defensive purposes. As for leisure itself, their major contribution was to set aside the seventh day—the ______—as a time for people to rest from work and to worship.

sword and javelin Sabbath

Ancient Greece In the city-states of ancient Greece, particularly in Athens during the so-called _________ from about 500 to 400 B.C., humankind reached a new peak of philosophical and cultural development.

Golden Age of Pericles

The amenities of life were generally restricted to the most wealthy and powerful citizens, who represented the Athenian ideal of the balanced man—a combined soldier, athlete, artist, statesman, and philosopher. This ideal was furthered through education and the various religious festivals, which occupied about 70 days of the year. The arts of ______, ______, _____, gymnastics, and athletic competition were combined in these sacred competitions

music, poetry, theater games

Greek Philosophy of Recreation and Leisure _______ believed that education should be compulsory and that it should provide natural modes of amusement for children: _______ should begin with the right direction of children’s sports. The plays of childhood have a great deal to do with the maintenance or nonmaintenance of laws.5

Plato Education

The Romans, however, had a different concept of leisure than the Greeks. Although the Latin words for “leisure” and “business” are,

otium and negotium

the Romans supported play for _____ rather than aesthetic or spiritual reasons.

utilatarian reasons

Romans were citizens and free men, shifted to an urban life with sharply divided classes. There were four social levels:

senator, curiae, plebs and coloni

Gradually it became necessary for the Roman emperors and senate to amuse and entertain the plebs; they did so with doles of grain and with public games—in other words

breads and circuses

the time of Emperor Tiberius (A.D. 14–37), competitive sport in the Roman Empire had become completely commercialized. To maintain political popularity and placate the bored masses, the emperors and the senate provided _______,______ and _____.

great paradise, circuses and feasts

The Roman games featured contests that were fought to the death between gladiators using _____, ______ and _____. Even sea battles were fought in artificially constructed lakes in the Roman arenas. Imported wild beasts, such as tigers and elephants

foot, horseback, chariots

Christians, in particular, were slaughtered in such games. Tacitus wrote that many were dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and exposed to be torn to pieces by dogs in the public games, were _____ , or condemned to be _____ and at nightfall serve in place of lamps to light the darkness, Nero’s own gardens being used for the purpose.6

crucified, burnt

Both animals and humans were maimed and butchered in cruel and horrible ways. Spectacles were often lewd and obscene, leading to mass ______, ______ , and _____ that profoundly weakened the Roman state.

debauchery, corruption and perversion

ruled that the rite of baptism could not be extended to those connected with the stage, and in

Council of Elvira

A.D. 398 the ________ excommunicated those who attended the theater on holy days.

Council of Carthage

The influential Benedictine order in particular insisted on the dignity of labor. Their rule read, “Idleness is the great enemy of the soul. Therefore, _.......

Idleness is the great enemy of the soul. Therefore monks should always be occupied either in manual labor or in sacred readings.

THC1104 - MIDTERMS FESTIVALS

usagi :3 · 25問 · 1年前

THC1104 - MIDTERMS FESTIVALS